Urinary system

Question 1

How much urine is normally produced per day?

Answer 1

1-2L

Question 2

Oligouria

Answer 2

Little urine production. Less than 500mL per day.

Question 3

Anuria

Answer 3

No urine production

Question 4

Polyuria

Answer 4

Excessive urine production.

Question 5

pH of urine

Answer 5

Is impacted by diet. Anywhere in the range of 4.5-8 is normal.

Question 6

Normal contents of urine

Answer 6

Water, nitrogenous wastes, ions.

Question 7

Ions which are important in urine formation

Answer 7

Potassium, sodium, hydrogen, magnesium, sulphate, phosphate, calcium

Question 8

Lining of urethra

Answer 8

Proximal is transitional epithelium. Distal is stratified squamous epithelium.

Question 9

Length of the female urethra

Answer 9

4cm

Question 10

Length of the male urethra

Answer 10

20cm

Question 11

Regions of the male urethra

Answer 11

Pre-prostatic, prostatic, membranous, spongy.

Question 12

Pre-prostatic region of the male urethra

Answer 12

Portion which is incorporated into the bladder wall

Question 13

Prostatic region of the male urethra

Answer 13

Passes through the prostate gland

Question 14

Membranous region of the male urethra

Answer 14

Passes through the deep muscles of the perineum. Covered by the overlying urethral sphincter.

Question 15

Spongy region of the male urethra

Answer 15

The portion after the corpus spongiosum. Exits the penis.

Question 16

Position of the bladder

Answer 16

Partially retroperitoneal. Projects into the abdomen when distended.

Question 17

Detruser muscle

Answer 17

Smooth muscular walls of the bladder. Loses contractile force with age.

Question 18

Internal surface of the bladder

Answer 18

Transitional cellular epithelium.

Question 19

Volume of the bladder

Answer 19

500 to 600mL

Question 20

How full is the bladder when the urge to void is first felt?

Answer 20

150mL

Question 21

Nerves involved in the micturition reflex

Answer 21

Hypogastric, pelvic and pudendal.

Question 22

Volontary control of the micturition reflex requires which nerves to be intact?

Answer 22

Spinal cord and pudendal nerve.

Question 23

Ureters

Answer 23

Connect the kidneys to the bladder. Are retroperitoneal and function due to gravity and peristaltic contractions.

Question 24

Urine drainage through the kidney

Answer 24

Urinary calyces, renal pelvis, ureters.

Question 25

Angle of ureters to bladder

Answer 25

Oblique to prevent backflow.

Question 26

Length of ureters

Answer 26

30cm

Question 27

Anchoring of the ureters

Answer 27

A loose adventitial layer of collagen and fat anchors them to the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall.

Question 28

What protects the kidneys?

Answer 28

Muscles, fat and ribs 11 and 12.

Question 29

The kidneys receive how much cardiac output?

Answer 29

Around 25% at rest.

Question 30

Covering of kidneys

Answer 30

A fibrous capsule, an adipose layer and renal fascia.

Question 31

Renal columns

Answer 31

Connective tissue extensions that radiate downward from the renal cortex through the medulla. Separate pyramids and papillae.

Question 32

Renal pyramids

Answer 32

6-8 cone shaped tissues in the medulla of the kidney. Contain collecting ducts and Loops of Henle

Question 33

Renal papillae

Answer 33

Found in the medullary area of the renal pyramids where collecting ducts empty urine into the minor calyces.

Question 34

Calyces

Answer 34

Cup like structures receiving urine from collecting ducts. Pass into the renal pelvis and ureter.

Question 35

Arterial flow through the kidney

Answer 35

Renal, segmental, interlobar, arcuate, cortical, afferent arteriole

Question 36

Blood vessels of the nephron

Answer 36

Afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta.

Question 37

Glomerulus

Answer 37

Tuft of capillaries found inside Bowman's capsule.

Question 38

Components of the renal corpuscle

Answer 38

Glomerulus and Bowmann's capsule

Question 39

Which portions of the nephron are found in the cortex?

Answer 39

The renal corpuscle and proximal and distal convoluted tubule.

Question 40

Cortical nephrons

Answer 40

Nephrons which have a short loop of Henle that does not extend into the medulla.

Question 41

Primary functions of the nephron

Answer 41

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion.

Question 42

Secondary functions of the nephron

Answer 42

Controlling blood pressure, RBC formation and vitamin D activation.

Question 43

What does the nephron use to control blood pressure?

Answer 43

Renin

Question 44

What does the nephron use to influence red blood cell formation?

Answer 44

Erythropoietin

Question 45

What does the activation of Vitamin D ultimately lead to?

Answer 45

Calcium absorption