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Year 2 Quarter 2 Physiology > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

How much urine is normally produced per day?

A

1-2L

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2
Q

Oligouria

A

Little urine production. Less than 500mL per day.

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3
Q

Anuria

A

No urine production

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4
Q

Polyuria

A

Excessive urine production.

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5
Q

pH of urine

A

Is impacted by diet. Anywhere in the range of 4.5-8 is normal.

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6
Q

Normal contents of urine

A

Water, nitrogenous wastes, ions.

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7
Q

Ions which are important in urine formation

A

Potassium, sodium, hydrogen, magnesium, sulphate, phosphate, calcium

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8
Q

Lining of urethra

A

Proximal is transitional epithelium. Distal is stratified squamous epithelium.

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9
Q

Length of the female urethra

A

4cm

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10
Q

Length of the male urethra

A

20cm

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11
Q

Regions of the male urethra

A

Pre-prostatic, prostatic, membranous, spongy.

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12
Q

Pre-prostatic region of the male urethra

A

Portion which is incorporated into the bladder wall

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13
Q

Prostatic region of the male urethra

A

Passes through the prostate gland

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14
Q

Membranous region of the male urethra

A

Passes through the deep muscles of the perineum. Covered by the overlying urethral sphincter.

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15
Q

Spongy region of the male urethra

A

The portion after the corpus spongiosum. Exits the penis.

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16
Q

Position of the bladder

A

Partially retroperitoneal. Projects into the abdomen when distended.

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17
Q

Detruser muscle

A

Smooth muscular walls of the bladder. Loses contractile force with age.

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18
Q

Internal surface of the bladder

A

Transitional cellular epithelium.

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19
Q

Volume of the bladder

A

500 to 600mL

20
Q

How full is the bladder when the urge to void is first felt?

A

150mL

21
Q

Nerves involved in the micturition reflex

A

Hypogastric, pelvic and pudendal.

22
Q

Volontary control of the micturition reflex requires which nerves to be intact?

A

Spinal cord and pudendal nerve.

23
Q

Ureters

A

Connect the kidneys to the bladder. Are retroperitoneal and function due to gravity and peristaltic contractions.

24
Q

Urine drainage through the kidney

A

Urinary calyces, renal pelvis, ureters.

25
Q

Angle of ureters to bladder

A

Oblique to prevent backflow.

26
Q

Length of ureters

A

30cm

27
Q

Anchoring of the ureters

A

A loose adventitial layer of collagen and fat anchors them to the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall.

28
Q

What protects the kidneys?

A

Muscles, fat and ribs 11 and 12.

29
Q

The kidneys receive how much cardiac output?

A

Around 25% at rest.

30
Q

Covering of kidneys

A

A fibrous capsule, an adipose layer and renal fascia.

31
Q

Renal columns

A

Connective tissue extensions that radiate downward from the renal cortex through the medulla. Separate pyramids and papillae.

32
Q

Renal pyramids

A

6-8 cone shaped tissues in the medulla of the kidney. Contain collecting ducts and Loops of Henle

33
Q

Renal papillae

A

Found in the medullary area of the renal pyramids where collecting ducts empty urine into the minor calyces.

34
Q

Calyces

A

Cup like structures receiving urine from collecting ducts. Pass into the renal pelvis and ureter.

35
Q

Arterial flow through the kidney

A

Renal, segmental, interlobar, arcuate, cortical, afferent arteriole

36
Q

Blood vessels of the nephron

A

Afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta.

37
Q

Glomerulus

A

Tuft of capillaries found inside Bowman’s capsule.

38
Q

Components of the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus and Bowmann’s capsule

39
Q

Which portions of the nephron are found in the cortex?

A

The renal corpuscle and proximal and distal convoluted tubule.

40
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

Nephrons which have a short loop of Henle that does not extend into the medulla.

41
Q

Primary functions of the nephron

A

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion.

42
Q

Secondary functions of the nephron

A

Controlling blood pressure, RBC formation and vitamin D activation.

43
Q

What does the nephron use to control blood pressure?

A

Renin

44
Q

What does the nephron use to influence red blood cell formation?

A

Erythropoietin

45
Q

What does the activation of Vitamin D ultimately lead to?

A

Calcium absorption

Year 2 Quarter 2 Physiology (5 decks)

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