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Year 2 Quarter 2 Physiology > The Nephron > Flashcards

The Nephron Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulsu and Bowmann’s capsule

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2
Q

Portions of the renal tubule

A

Proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule.

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3
Q

Purpose of the renal tubules

A

Secretion and reabsorption

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4
Q

Purpose of the collecting ducts

A

Making final adjustments to urine concentrations.

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5
Q

Podocytes

A

Structures which filter substances in a similar way to fenestrations.

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6
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Lies outside the Bowmann’s capsule and the glomerular apparatus.

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6
Q

Filtration membrane

A

Membrane formed by fenestrations, the basement membrane and podocytes. Permits rapid movement from capillaries to capsule.

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7
Q

Location of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

The junction between the afferent and efferent arterioles.

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8
Q

Macula densa

A

Part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus which is found in the wall of the DCT. It monitors the fluid composition.

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9
Q

Purpose of macula densa

A

Releases paracrine signals in response to sodium.

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10
Q

How does the macula densa monitor fluid concentration?

A

It has a single, non-motile cilium that waves in moving fluid.

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11
Q

Juxtaglomerular cell

A

Cell in the JGA which is a smooth muscle cell and lines the afferent arteriole. Relaxes and contracts in response to ATP or adenosine.

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12
Q

Response of JG cells to high sodium

A

Cell contracts, decreasing arteriole diameter and filtration rate. Leads to water retention.

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13
Q

Response of JG cells to low sodium

A

Cell relaxes, increasing arteriole diameter and filtration rate. Leads to water excretion.

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14
Q

Effects of renin

A

Vasoconstriction

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15
Q

Is the collecting duct a part of the nephron?

A

No

16
Q

Lining of the collecting ducts

A

Squamous epithelium with receptors for antidiuretic hormone

17
Q

Response of collecting ducts to antidiuretic hormone

A

Insert aquaporins to allow water to pass back out into the the interstitial space.

18
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

Volume of filtrate formed by the kidneys each minute.

19
Q

How much blood passes through the kidney each minute?

A

1L

20
Q

How much filtrate is returned back to circulation?

A

99%

21
Q

What influences glomerular filtration rate?

A

Hydrostatic pressure and colloidal osmotic pressure on either side of the capillary membrane.

22
Q

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

Sum of osmotic and hydrostatic pressure in the nephron

23
Q

Where does reabsorption occur?

A

The PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT and collecting ducts.

24
Q

Which hormones control glomerular filtration

A

Antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone and renin

25
Q

Methods of transport across the filtration membrane

A

Active transport, diffusion, secondary active transport, osmosis

26
Q

Which solutes are reabsorbed in the nephron?

A

Calcium, sodium, glucose, amino acids

27
Q

Which solutes are generally excreted by the nephron?

A

Potassium, urea, ammonia and creatinine.

28
Q

Substances reabsorbed in the PCT

A

Water, sodium, potassium, glucose, amino acids, vitamins

29
Q

Effect of aldosterone on the DCT and collecting ducts

A

Increase the amount of sodium/potassium pumps.

30
Q

Where do the final adjustments to urine concentration occur?

A

The collecting ducts

31
Q

What do intercalated cells do?

A

THe regulate blood pH.

32
Q

How do intercalated cells work?

A

THe reabsorb potassium and bicarbonate while secreting protons into the filtrate. This increase urine acidity.

33
Q

Innervation to the blood vessels in the kidney

A

Sympathetic nerves from the celiac plexus and splenic nerves.

34
Q

Where does plasma filtration occur?

A

The renal corpuscle

35
Q

The ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to which substance?

A

Water

36
Q

Waste product of purine nucleotide digestion

A

Uric acid

Year 2 Quarter 2 Physiology (5 decks)

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