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Year 2 Quarter 2 Physiology > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

Result of meiosis

A

4 cells each with half the normal number of chromosomes.

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2
Q

Prophase

A

The chromosomes become visible, the mitotic spindle appears, the nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear.

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3
Q

In which phase of meiosis does recombination occur?

A

Meiosis I

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4
Q

Metaphase

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate and are attached to microtubules.

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5
Q

Anaphase

A

Each set of homologous chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

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6
Q

Purpose of the scrotum

A

It holds the testes outside of the body to keep them 2-4 degrees cooler.

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7
Q

Dartos muscle

A

Make up the subcutaneous muscle layer. Continues internally to make the scrotal septum. This causes wrinkles.

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8
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

Descends from the internal oblique. It covers each testis like a muscular net. It contracts to elevate the teste.

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9
Q

Testis development

A

They develop near the kidney, then descend to the scrotum via the inguinal canal during the seventh month of fetal development.

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10
Q

Inguinal canal

A

An opening in the anterior abdominal wall.

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11
Q

Purpose of the inguinal canal in males

A

It allows the testes to descend.

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12
Q

Purpose of the inguinal canal in females

A

The round ligament and ilioinguinal nerve pass through it.

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13
Q

Connective tissue around the testes

A

Outer tunica vaginalis and inner tunica albuginea.

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14
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

A serous membrane with parietal and visceral layers

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15
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Tough, white, dense connective tissue which covers the testis. Also divides the testis into lobules.

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16
Q

Where does sperm develop?

A

Within the lobules in the seminiferous tubules.

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17
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Surround the developing sperm cells. Are long, branching and supportive in nature.

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18
Q

Blood-testis barrier

A

Created by the Sertoli cells, Prevents blood-borne substances from contacting the spearm cells.

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19
Q

Spermatogonia

A

The least mature form of a sperm cell. Line the basement membrane inside the seminiferous tubules. Stem cells of the testis.

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20
Q

Division pathway of spermatogonia

A

Primary and secondary spermatocytes, then spermatids and sperm.

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21
Q

Length of the spermatogenic cycle

A

64 days.

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22
Q

Mitosis of diploid spermatogonia results in what?

A

2 daughter cells which can then undergo meiosis

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23
Q

How long does sperm take to exit the epididymis?

A

12 days

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24
Q

Vas deferens

A

Thick, muscular tube that is bundled together inside the scrotum with connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves

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25
Accessory glands of the male reproductive system
Seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral gland.
26
Seminal vesicles
Contributes 60% of the semen volume. Contains lots of fructose.
27
Prostate gland
Found anterior to the rectum at the base of the bladder. Is the size of a walnut and made of glandular and muscular tissue.
28
Purpose of the prostate gland
Secretes an alkaline fluid which coagulates then de-coagulates following ejaculation.
29
Bulbourethral glands
Glands which release thick, salty fluid that lubricates and helps cleanse the penile urethra of urine.
30
Erectile tissues of the penis
2 larger chambers called corpus cavernosum, a smaller central chamber called corpus spongiosum.
31
Prepuce
Foreskin
32
Cause of erections
Nitric oxide is released from nerve endings near blood vessels within the erectile tissue. Causes relaxation of the smooth muscle around the penile arteries and dilation.
33
Testosterone
Androgen steroid hormone produced by Leydig cells.
34
Leydig cells
Interstitial cells found between the seminiferous tubules. Produce testosterone.
35
Regulation of testosterone production
From the hypothalamus and pituitary gland via LH and FSH. LH controls the Leydig cells and FSH the Sertoli cells.
36
What stimulates the anterior pituitary?
GnRH from the hypothalamus.
37
Ejaculation is what type of reflex?
Sympathetic.
38
Ejaculation mechanism
Muscles contract and the sphincter at the base of the bladder close. Fluids move through the ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct.
39
Bartholin's glands
Glands which flank the vaginal opening and secrete mucous.
40
Length of the vagina
Around 10 cm.
41
pH of the vagina
4.5. Maintained by Lactobacillus.
42
What attaches the ovaries to the uterus?
The ovarian ligament
43
Tunica albuginea
Cortex of the ovaries. Forms the framework of the ovaries.
44
Where do oocytes develop?
In a follicle in the outer layer of the ovary.
45
Ovarian medulla
Side of blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves of the ovary.
46
Oogenesis
Unequal cell division which produces 1-3 polar bodies and 1 haploid ovum.
47
When is oogenesis completed?
After a sperm cell penetrates a secondary oocyte.
48
Oogonia
Ovarian stem cells
49
Where do ovarian cells stall during childhood development?
At meiosis I
50
What triggers the resumption of meiosis in egg cells?
A surge of LH
51
Portions of the uterine tube
Isthmus, infundibulum, ampulla
52
Isthmus of the uterine tube
Narrow, medial end which connects to the uterus.
53
Infundibulum of the uterine tubes
Wide distal part of the uterine tube that flares out and has fimbriae.
54
Ampulla of the uterine tubes
Middle region of the uterine tube. Is usually the site of fertilization.
55
Layers of the uterine tubes
Outer serosa, inner muscular layer and inner mucosa
56
Broad ligament
Fold of the peritoneum that supports the uterus. It extends laterally from both sides of the uterus and attaching to the pelvic wall.
57
Round ligament
Attaches the uterus near the uterine tubes and extending to the labia majora.
58
Uterolateral ligament
Ligament which stabilizes the uterus posteriorly by its connection from the cervix to the pelvic wall
59
Follicular phase of the menstrual cycle
The uterine lining is she, progesterone, FSH and LW are all low.
60
Proliferative phase
Estrogen rises and allows the endometrium to proliferate. Also causes FSH to decrease. 1 follicle becomes dominant.
61
Actions of the dominant follicle
It produces estrogen, causing and LH surge and ovulation.
62
Secretory phase of the menstrual cycle
Also called the luteal phase. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone. The endometrial lining prepares.
63
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy doesn't occur?
It degrades into the corpus albicans, hormone levels fall and prostaglandins cause vasoconstriction and endometrial death.
64
Pre-embryonic stage
Stage of fetal development in which there is a lot of cellular division without any change in volume.
65
How long does the pre-embryonic stage last?
3-8 weeks
66
Morula
Occurs 3 days after fertilization. Contains 16 cells and is usually the stage at which the uterus is reached.
67
Blastocyst
Stage of development at which there are around 100 cells and an internal fluid cavity.
68
What marks the end of the pre-embryonic stage?
Implantation on the uterine wall.
69
What secretes relaxin?
Initially, the corpus luteum, then the placenta.
70
Which hormone prevents uterine contractions during pregnancy?
Progesterone
71
Parturition
Childbirth
72
Labour pains are a result of what?
Myometrial hypoxia
73
What inhibits milk production during pregnancy?
Placental hormones.
74
When does mature milk come in?
Around 10 days after birth.

Year 2 Quarter 2 Physiology (5 decks)

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