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Year 2 Quarter 2 Physiology > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

Result of meiosis

A

4 cells each with half the normal number of chromosomes.

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2
Q

Prophase

A

The chromosomes become visible, the mitotic spindle appears, the nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear.

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3
Q

In which phase of meiosis does recombination occur?

A

Meiosis I

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4
Q

Metaphase

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate and are attached to microtubules.

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5
Q

Anaphase

A

Each set of homologous chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

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6
Q

Purpose of the scrotum

A

It holds the testes outside of the body to keep them 2-4 degrees cooler.

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7
Q

Dartos muscle

A

Make up the subcutaneous muscle layer. Continues internally to make the scrotal septum. This causes wrinkles.

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8
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

Descends from the internal oblique. It covers each testis like a muscular net. It contracts to elevate the teste.

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9
Q

Testis development

A

They develop near the kidney, then descend to the scrotum via the inguinal canal during the seventh month of fetal development.

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10
Q

Inguinal canal

A

An opening in the anterior abdominal wall.

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11
Q

Purpose of the inguinal canal in males

A

It allows the testes to descend.

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12
Q

Purpose of the inguinal canal in females

A

The round ligament and ilioinguinal nerve pass through it.

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13
Q

Connective tissue around the testes

A

Outer tunica vaginalis and inner tunica albuginea.

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14
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

A serous membrane with parietal and visceral layers

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15
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Tough, white, dense connective tissue which covers the testis. Also divides the testis into lobules.

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16
Q

Where does sperm develop?

A

Within the lobules in the seminiferous tubules.

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17
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Surround the developing sperm cells. Are long, branching and supportive in nature.

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18
Q

Blood-testis barrier

A

Created by the Sertoli cells, Prevents blood-borne substances from contacting the spearm cells.

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19
Q

Spermatogonia

A

The least mature form of a sperm cell. Line the basement membrane inside the seminiferous tubules. Stem cells of the testis.

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20
Q

Division pathway of spermatogonia

A

Primary and secondary spermatocytes, then spermatids and sperm.

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21
Q

Length of the spermatogenic cycle

A

64 days.

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22
Q

Mitosis of diploid spermatogonia results in what?

A

2 daughter cells which can then undergo meiosis

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23
Q

How long does sperm take to exit the epididymis?

A

12 days

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24
Q

Vas deferens

A

Thick, muscular tube that is bundled together inside the scrotum with connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves

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25
Q

Accessory glands of the male reproductive system

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral gland.

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26
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Contributes 60% of the semen volume. Contains lots of fructose.

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27
Q

Prostate gland

A

Found anterior to the rectum at the base of the bladder. Is the size of a walnut and made of glandular and muscular tissue.

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28
Q

Purpose of the prostate gland

A

Secretes an alkaline fluid which coagulates then de-coagulates following ejaculation.

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29
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

Glands which release thick, salty fluid that lubricates and helps cleanse the penile urethra of urine.

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30
Q

Erectile tissues of the penis

A

2 larger chambers called corpus cavernosum, a smaller central chamber called corpus spongiosum.

31
Q

Prepuce

A

Foreskin

32
Q

Cause of erections

A

Nitric oxide is released from nerve endings near blood vessels within the erectile tissue. Causes relaxation of the smooth muscle around the penile arteries and dilation.

33
Q

Testosterone

A

Androgen steroid hormone produced by Leydig cells.

34
Q

Leydig cells

A

Interstitial cells found between the seminiferous tubules. Produce testosterone.

35
Q

Regulation of testosterone production

A

From the hypothalamus and pituitary gland via LH and FSH. LH controls the Leydig cells and FSH the Sertoli cells.

36
Q

What stimulates the anterior pituitary?

A

GnRH from the hypothalamus.

37
Q

Ejaculation is what type of reflex?

A

Sympathetic.

38
Q

Ejaculation mechanism

A

Muscles contract and the sphincter at the base of the bladder close. Fluids move through the ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct.

39
Q

Bartholin’s glands

A

Glands which flank the vaginal opening and secrete mucous.

40
Q

Length of the vagina

A

Around 10 cm.

41
Q

pH of the vagina

A

4.5. Maintained by Lactobacillus.

42
Q

What attaches the ovaries to the uterus?

A

The ovarian ligament

43
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Cortex of the ovaries. Forms the framework of the ovaries.

44
Q

Where do oocytes develop?

A

In a follicle in the outer layer of the ovary.

45
Q

Ovarian medulla

A

Side of blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves of the ovary.

46
Q

Oogenesis

A

Unequal cell division which produces 1-3 polar bodies and 1 haploid ovum.

47
Q

When is oogenesis completed?

A

After a sperm cell penetrates a secondary oocyte.

48
Q

Oogonia

A

Ovarian stem cells

49
Q

Where do ovarian cells stall during childhood development?

A

At meiosis I

50
Q

What triggers the resumption of meiosis in egg cells?

A

A surge of LH

51
Q

Portions of the uterine tube

A

Isthmus, infundibulum, ampulla

52
Q

Isthmus of the uterine tube

A

Narrow, medial end which connects to the uterus.

53
Q

Infundibulum of the uterine tubes

A

Wide distal part of the uterine tube that flares out and has fimbriae.

54
Q

Ampulla of the uterine tubes

A

Middle region of the uterine tube. Is usually the site of fertilization.

55
Q

Layers of the uterine tubes

A

Outer serosa, inner muscular layer and inner mucosa

56
Q

Broad ligament

A

Fold of the peritoneum that supports the uterus. It extends laterally from both sides of the uterus and attaching to the pelvic wall.

57
Q

Round ligament

A

Attaches the uterus near the uterine tubes and extending to the labia majora.

58
Q

Uterolateral ligament

A

Ligament which stabilizes the uterus posteriorly by its connection from the cervix to the pelvic wall

59
Q

Follicular phase of the menstrual cycle

A

The uterine lining is she, progesterone, FSH and LW are all low.

60
Q

Proliferative phase

A

Estrogen rises and allows the endometrium to proliferate. Also causes FSH to decrease. 1 follicle becomes dominant.

61
Q

Actions of the dominant follicle

A

It produces estrogen, causing and LH surge and ovulation.

62
Q

Secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

A

Also called the luteal phase. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone. The endometrial lining prepares.

63
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy doesn’t occur?

A

It degrades into the corpus albicans, hormone levels fall and prostaglandins cause vasoconstriction and endometrial death.

64
Q

Pre-embryonic stage

A

Stage of fetal development in which there is a lot of cellular division without any change in volume.

65
Q

How long does the pre-embryonic stage last?

A

3-8 weeks

66
Q

Morula

A

Occurs 3 days after fertilization. Contains 16 cells and is usually the stage at which the uterus is reached.

67
Q

Blastocyst

A

Stage of development at which there are around 100 cells and an internal fluid cavity.

68
Q

What marks the end of the pre-embryonic stage?

A

Implantation on the uterine wall.

69
Q

What secretes relaxin?

A

Initially, the corpus luteum, then the placenta.

70
Q

Which hormone prevents uterine contractions during pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

71
Q

Parturition

A

Childbirth

72
Q

Labour pains are a result of what?

A

Myometrial hypoxia

73
Q

What inhibits milk production during pregnancy?

A

Placental hormones.

74
Q

When does mature milk come in?

A

Around 10 days after birth.

Year 2 Quarter 2 Physiology (5 decks)

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