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Year 2 Quarter 2 Physiology > Gastrointestinal system > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal system Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of the alimentary canal

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa

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2
Q

Sublayers of the mucosa

A

Epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosa

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3
Q

Epithelium of the stomach and intestines

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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4
Q

Epithelium of the GI tract except the stomach and intestines

A

Non-keratinized squamous epithelium

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5
Q

In which layer to goblet and enteroendocrine cells exist?

A

The epithelium of the mucosa

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6
Q

Lamina propria

A

Consists of loose connective tissue, blood and lymph vessels. Also contains MALT

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7
Q

MALT

A

Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue, Peyer’s patches in the intestines

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8
Q

Muscularis mucosa

A

Thin smooth muscle layer in a constant state of tension. Pulls the mucosa of the stomach and small intestine into undulating folds to increase surface area.

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9
Q

Submucosa

A

Contains dense connective tissue, blood and lymph vessels, submucosal glands, submucosal plexus

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10
Q

Muscularis

A

Smooth muscle layer. Contraction produces peristalsis, mixing and mechanical digestion

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11
Q

Proximal and distal regions of the muscularis

A

Skeletal muscle under volontary control

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12
Q

Myenteric plexus

A

Nerve plexus which lies in the muscularis layer and is responsible for motility.

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13
Q

Segmentation

A

Chyme is separated, then pushes back together.

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14
Q

Serosa

A

Layer which surrounds the muscularis. Present only in the abdominal cavity region. Consists of visceral peritoneum overlaying loose connective tissue

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15
Q

Peritoneum

A

Broad serous membranous sac made of squamous epithelial tissue. Holds the digestive organs in place.

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16
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Lines the abdominal wall

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17
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Envelops the abdominal organs

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18
Q

Peritoneal structures

A

Greater and lesser omentum, mesentery and mesocolon

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19
Q

Greater omentum

A

Apron structure superior to the small intestine and transverse colon. Fat can be deposited here.

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20
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Suspends the stomach from the inferior border of the liver

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21
Q

Mesentery

A

Vertical band of tissue which anchors the small intestine escept the duodenum

22
Q

Mesocolon

A

Attaches the transverse and sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall

23
Q

Regulatory mechanisms for digestion

A

Neural and endocrine

24
Q

Main hormones of the GI system

A

Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory peptide

25
Q

Gastrin

A

Digestive hormone of the stomach. Secreted in response to food. Stimulates secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells.

26
Q

Secretin

A

Produced by the duodenum. Stimulates the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas.

27
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Secreted by the small intestine. Stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile.

28
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide

A

Inhibits gastric secretion, slows gastric emptying and motility.

29
Q

Receptors on the tongue

A

Fungiform papillae (taste buds) and filiform papillae (touch receptors)

30
Q

Functions of saliva

A

Amylase, chemical buffers, lubrication and antimicrobial properties

31
Q

How does the esophagus enter the abdomen?

A

Via the esophageal hiatus

32
Q

Salivary glands

A

Submandibular, sublingual and parotid.

33
Q

Largest salivary gland

A

Parotid

34
Q

Layers of the tooth

A

Enamel, dentin, pulp

35
Q

Phases of deglutition

A

Volontary, pharyngeal, esophageal

36
Q

Muscularis layer of the esophagus

A

Is skeletal in the top third, mixed skeletal and smooth in the middle third and smooth in the bottom third.

37
Q

Major regions of the stomach

A

Caria, fundus, body, pylorus

38
Q

Muscular layers of the stomach

A

Consists of 3 layers. Inner circular, middle longitudinal and external oblique layers.

39
Q

Special cells of the stomach

A

Mucus, parietal, chief and enteroendocrine

40
Q

Mucus cells of the stomach

A

Secrete a protective coat of alkaline mucous.

41
Q

Parietal cells

A

Produce HCl and intrinsic factor

42
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

A glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells which protects vitamin B12 through the stomach

43
Q

Chief cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase.

44
Q

Enteroendocrine cells of the stomach

A

Secrete various stomach hormones. Includes gastrin from G cells.

45
Q

Phases of gastric secretion

A

Cephalic, gastric and intestinal

46
Q

Gastric phase of gastric secretion

A

Has neural and hormonal components. Causes increase in gastric juice, gastrin and HCl

47
Q

Intestinal phase of gastric secretion

A

Has excitatory and inhibitory elements. Increases gastric juice secretion, but closes pyloric sphincter

48
Q

Functions of the stomach

A

Antimicrobial, mechanical and chemical digestion.

49
Q

How much chyme enters the small intestine at one?

A

3mL

50
Q

Substances absorbed by the stomach

A

Some non-polar substances such as alcohol and some drugs.

Year 2 Quarter 2 Physiology (5 decks)

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