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Year 2 Quarter 2 Physiology > Gastrointestinal system 2 > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Accessory organs of the GI system

A

Liver, gallbladder and pancreas

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2
Q

Pathway of pancreatic exocrine products

A

Via the common bile duct into the duodenum

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3
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Cells of the pancreas with endocrine functions.

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4
Q

Hormones secreted by the pancreas

A

Insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin

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5
Q

How much pancreatic juice is produced every day?

A

Over 1L

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6
Q

What are the primary components of pancreatic juice?

A

Water, bicarbonate, salts, enzymes

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7
Q

Why are the protein-digesting enzymes of the pancreas produced in an inactive form?

A

To prevent auto-digestion of the pancreas (pancreatitis)

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8
Q

What regulates the pancreas?

A

Hormones and the parasympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

What stimulates the release of pancreatic juice?

A

Acidic chyme in the duodenum.

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10
Q

What stimulates the secretion of CCK?

A

The presence of proteins and fats in the duodenum.

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11
Q

What controls the release of pancreatic juice?

A

The sphincter of Oddi

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12
Q

Components of bile

A

Bile salts and phospholipids

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13
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

To store and concentrate bile.

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14
Q

Main components of liver

A

Hepatocytes, bile canaliculi, hepatic sinusoids

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15
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Primary cells of the liver. Have a wide variety of secretory, metabolic and endocrine functions.

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16
Q

Portal triad

A

Bile duct, hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein.

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17
Q

Which liver cells process nutrients, toxins and wastes?

A

Hepatocytes

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18
Q

Function of the hepatic artery

A

It delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver.

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19
Q

Function of the heaptic portal vein

A

Delivers nutrient rich, partially deoxygenated blood to the liver. All blood from the alimentary canal must go through the liver.

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20
Q

Most common site for metastases from alimentary cancers

A

The liver

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21
Q

Bile canalicules

A

Grooves found between the hepatocytes. Collect the bile produced by the hepatocytes.

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22
Q

Hepatic sinusoids

A

Collect blood from the liver, then send it to the central vein.

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23
Q

How does the liver impact calcium absorption?

A

It converts cholecalciferol to calcidiol. This is then converted to calcitriol (active vitamin D) by the kidneys.

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23
Q

Blood flow out of the liver

A

Through the hepatic vein and into the inferior vena cava.

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24
Reticuloendothelial (Kupffer) cells
Star shaped phagocytes that remove dead blood cells, bacteria and foreign material.
25
How long is the small intestine?
10 feet
26
Ileum
6 foot long, thicker and more vascular portion of the small intestine.
27
Jejunum
3 foot long middle section of the small intestine.
27
Duodenum
10 inch section of the small intestine. It is retroperitoneal and curves around the pancreas.
28
Ileocecal sphincter
Joins the small and large intestines.
29
Plicae circulare
Deep ridge in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine. Causes the chyme to spiral.
30
Villi
Absorptive cells of the small intestine. Each villus contains a lacteal.
31
Microvilli
1 micrometer projections in the small intestine. Creates the brush border.
32
Intestinal gland
Cells that lie in the crevices of the villi. Produce intestinal juice.
33
Duodenal glands (Brunner's glands)
Intestinal glands which produce bicarbonate rich mucous.
34
Absorptive cell
Intestinal cell which assists in digestion and absorption of nutrients.
35
Goblet cell
Intestinal cell which secretes mucous
36
Paneth cell
Secretes bactericidal enzymes
37
G cells
Glands of the duodenum which secrete gastrin
38
K cells
Found in the glands of the duodenum and jejunum. Secrete motilin, which accelerates gastric emptying, intestinal peristalsis and the production of pepsin.
38
I cells
Glands of the duodenum which secrete CCK in order to cause the release of pancreatic juice.
39
S cells
Secrete secretin
40
How does the small intestine absorb water?
Via osmosis
41
Lactose
Disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose.
42
Maltose
Disaccharide made up of 2 glucose
43
Gatroileal reflex
Stomach activity provokes the reflex to move chyme into the large intestine. Also causes gastrin release, which relaxes the ileocecal sphincter.
44
Sucrose
Disaccharid made up of glucose and fructose
45
Pancreatic amylase
Performs the majority of starch digestion. Functions in the small intestine.
46
Protein digestion
Begins in the stomach (HCL and pepsin), then pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine.
47
Amino acid absorption occurs where?
The duodenum and jejunum
48
Types of lipase
Lingual, gastric and pancreatic
49
How are long chain fatty acids absorbed?
In the form of a micelle, which are then reincorporated into a chylomicron.
50
Chylomicron
Ball of fatty acids, cholesterol and phospholipids. Processed by the Golgi apparatus and absorbed by lacteals.
51
Nucleic acid digestion
Performed by enzymes and results in pentoses, phosphates and nitrogneous bases.
52
How are B and C vitamins absorbed?
Via simple diffusion in the small intestine.
52
What percentage of water is absorbed in the small intestine?
90%
53
Where are ions absorbed?
In the small intestine
54
How is vitamin B12 absorbed?
It is picked up by intrinsic factor in the stomach, then it travels to the ileum where it can be picked up via endocytosis.
55
Direction of large intestine passage
Right to left
56
Portions of the large intestine
Cecum, colon and rectum
57
Cecum
Sac-like structure suspended from the ileocecal valve. Is 6 inches long and absorbs water and salts.
58
Appendix
Structure attached to cecum. Contains lymphoid tissue. Harbours gut bacteria.
59
Portions of the colon which are retroperitoneal
Ascending, descending and rectum
60
Colon portions
Ascending, right colic flexure, transverse, left colic flexure, descneding, sigmoid
61
Rectum
8 inch portion of the colon found anterior to the sacrum and coccyx.
62
Rectal valves
Internal folds in the rectum. Prevent the simultaneous passage of gas and feces.
63
Anal canal
Found in the perineum, outside of the abdominopelvic cavity. 2 inches long with 2 sphincters.
64
Mucosa of the large intestine
Simple columnar epithelial cells, mainly absorptive.
65
Only secretion of the large intestine
Mucous
66
Teniae coli
Bands of smooth muscle which make up the longitudinal muscularis of the large intestine. Causes bunching of the large intestine.
67
Haustra
Name for bunching of large intestine
68
Epigloic appendages
Small, fat filled sacs attached to the teniae coli
69
Haustral contraction
Slow moving contraction of the large intestine. Causes mixing to enable water absorption.
70
Mass movement
Strong waves which force the contents of the large intestine towards the rectum. Occurs 3-4 times per day.
71
Feces
Undigested food, unabsorbed substances, bacteria, old epithelial cells, inorganic salts and some water.
72
Defecation is initiated by which division of the nervous system?
Parasympathetic
73
What forms the ampulla of Vater?
The common bile duct and pancreatic duct.

Year 2 Quarter 2 Physiology (5 decks)

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