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Year 2 Quarter 2 Physiology > Gastrointestinal system 2 > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Accessory organs of the GI system

A

Liver, gallbladder and pancreas

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2
Q

Pathway of pancreatic exocrine products

A

Via the common bile duct into the duodenum

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3
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Cells of the pancreas with endocrine functions.

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4
Q

Hormones secreted by the pancreas

A

Insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin

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5
Q

How much pancreatic juice is produced every day?

A

Over 1L

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6
Q

What are the primary components of pancreatic juice?

A

Water, bicarbonate, salts, enzymes

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7
Q

Why are the protein-digesting enzymes of the pancreas produced in an inactive form?

A

To prevent auto-digestion of the pancreas (pancreatitis)

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8
Q

What regulates the pancreas?

A

Hormones and the parasympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

What stimulates the release of pancreatic juice?

A

Acidic chyme in the duodenum.

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10
Q

What stimulates the secretion of CCK?

A

The presence of proteins and fats in the duodenum.

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11
Q

What controls the release of pancreatic juice?

A

The sphincter of Oddi

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12
Q

Components of bile

A

Bile salts and phospholipids

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13
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

To store and concentrate bile.

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14
Q

Main components of liver

A

Hepatocytes, bile canaliculi, hepatic sinusoids

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15
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Primary cells of the liver. Have a wide variety of secretory, metabolic and endocrine functions.

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16
Q

Portal triad

A

Bile duct, hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein.

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17
Q

Which liver cells process nutrients, toxins and wastes?

A

Hepatocytes

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18
Q

Function of the hepatic artery

A

It delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver.

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19
Q

Function of the heaptic portal vein

A

Delivers nutrient rich, partially deoxygenated blood to the liver. All blood from the alimentary canal must go through the liver.

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20
Q

Most common site for metastases from alimentary cancers

A

The liver

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21
Q

Bile canalicules

A

Grooves found between the hepatocytes. Collect the bile produced by the hepatocytes.

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22
Q

Hepatic sinusoids

A

Collect blood from the liver, then send it to the central vein.

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23
Q

How does the liver impact calcium absorption?

A

It converts cholecalciferol to calcidiol. This is then converted to calcitriol (active vitamin D) by the kidneys.

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23
Q

Blood flow out of the liver

A

Through the hepatic vein and into the inferior vena cava.

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24
Q

Reticuloendothelial (Kupffer) cells

A

Star shaped phagocytes that remove dead blood cells, bacteria and foreign material.

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25
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

10 feet

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26
Q

Ileum

A

6 foot long, thicker and more vascular portion of the small intestine.

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27
Q

Jejunum

A

3 foot long middle section of the small intestine.

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27
Q

Duodenum

A

10 inch section of the small intestine. It is retroperitoneal and curves around the pancreas.

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28
Q

Ileocecal sphincter

A

Joins the small and large intestines.

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29
Q

Plicae circulare

A

Deep ridge in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine. Causes the chyme to spiral.

30
Q

Villi

A

Absorptive cells of the small intestine. Each villus contains a lacteal.

31
Q

Microvilli

A

1 micrometer projections in the small intestine. Creates the brush border.

32
Q

Intestinal gland

A

Cells that lie in the crevices of the villi. Produce intestinal juice.

33
Q

Duodenal glands (Brunner’s glands)

A

Intestinal glands which produce bicarbonate rich mucous.

34
Q

Absorptive cell

A

Intestinal cell which assists in digestion and absorption of nutrients.

35
Q

Goblet cell

A

Intestinal cell which secretes mucous

36
Q

Paneth cell

A

Secretes bactericidal enzymes

37
Q

G cells

A

Glands of the duodenum which secrete gastrin

38
Q

K cells

A

Found in the glands of the duodenum and jejunum. Secrete motilin, which accelerates gastric emptying, intestinal peristalsis and the production of pepsin.

38
Q

I cells

A

Glands of the duodenum which secrete CCK in order to cause the release of pancreatic juice.

39
Q

S cells

A

Secrete secretin

40
Q

How does the small intestine absorb water?

A

Via osmosis

41
Q

Lactose

A

Disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose.

42
Q

Maltose

A

Disaccharide made up of 2 glucose

43
Q

Gatroileal reflex

A

Stomach activity provokes the reflex to move chyme into the large intestine. Also causes gastrin release, which relaxes the ileocecal sphincter.

44
Q

Sucrose

A

Disaccharid made up of glucose and fructose

45
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

Performs the majority of starch digestion. Functions in the small intestine.

46
Q

Protein digestion

A

Begins in the stomach (HCL and pepsin), then pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine.

47
Q

Amino acid absorption occurs where?

A

The duodenum and jejunum

48
Q

Types of lipase

A

Lingual, gastric and pancreatic

49
Q

How are long chain fatty acids absorbed?

A

In the form of a micelle, which are then reincorporated into a chylomicron.

50
Q

Chylomicron

A

Ball of fatty acids, cholesterol and phospholipids. Processed by the Golgi apparatus and absorbed by lacteals.

51
Q

Nucleic acid digestion

A

Performed by enzymes and results in pentoses, phosphates and nitrogneous bases.

52
Q

How are B and C vitamins absorbed?

A

Via simple diffusion in the small intestine.

52
Q

What percentage of water is absorbed in the small intestine?

A

90%

53
Q

Where are ions absorbed?

A

In the small intestine

54
Q

How is vitamin B12 absorbed?

A

It is picked up by intrinsic factor in the stomach, then it travels to the ileum where it can be picked up via endocytosis.

55
Q

Direction of large intestine passage

A

Right to left

56
Q

Portions of the large intestine

A

Cecum, colon and rectum

57
Q

Cecum

A

Sac-like structure suspended from the ileocecal valve. Is 6 inches long and absorbs water and salts.

58
Q

Appendix

A

Structure attached to cecum. Contains lymphoid tissue. Harbours gut bacteria.

59
Q

Portions of the colon which are retroperitoneal

A

Ascending, descending and rectum

60
Q

Colon portions

A

Ascending, right colic flexure, transverse, left colic flexure, descneding, sigmoid

61
Q

Rectum

A

8 inch portion of the colon found anterior to the sacrum and coccyx.

62
Q

Rectal valves

A

Internal folds in the rectum. Prevent the simultaneous passage of gas and feces.

63
Q

Anal canal

A

Found in the perineum, outside of the abdominopelvic cavity. 2 inches long with 2 sphincters.

64
Q

Mucosa of the large intestine

A

Simple columnar epithelial cells, mainly absorptive.

65
Q

Only secretion of the large intestine

A

Mucous

66
Q

Teniae coli

A

Bands of smooth muscle which make up the longitudinal muscularis of the large intestine. Causes bunching of the large intestine.

67
Q

Haustra

A

Name for bunching of large intestine

68
Q

Epigloic appendages

A

Small, fat filled sacs attached to the teniae coli

69
Q

Haustral contraction

A

Slow moving contraction of the large intestine. Causes mixing to enable water absorption.

70
Q

Mass movement

A

Strong waves which force the contents of the large intestine towards the rectum. Occurs 3-4 times per day.

71
Q

Feces

A

Undigested food, unabsorbed substances, bacteria, old epithelial cells, inorganic salts and some water.

72
Q

Defecation is initiated by which division of the nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic

73
Q

What forms the ampulla of Vater?

A

The common bile duct and pancreatic duct.

Year 2 Quarter 2 Physiology (5 decks)

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