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Anatomy and Physiology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is normal blood PH?

A

7.35-7.4

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2
Q

What do kidneys secrete

A

Erythropoesen

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3
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys? (EFBRBA)

A
  1. Excretion of nitrogenous waste 2. Fluid/electrolyte balance 3. Blood pH regulation 3. RBC production 4. Blood pressure regulation 5 Activation of Vitamin D
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4
Q

What are the organs of the urinary system? (KUUU)

A
  1. Kidneys 2. Ureter 3. Urinary bladder 4. Urethra
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5
Q

What does retroperitoneal mean?

A

Behind the peritoneum.

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6
Q

Where are kidneys located?

A

Retroperitoneal organ located between T12-L3.

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7
Q

What are the three parts of the kidney? (CSP)

A
  1. Renal capsule 2. Renal Sinus 3. Renal parenchyma
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8
Q

What are the functions for the renal capsule? (PS)

A
  1. Protection 2. Shape
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9
Q

What is the renal capsule?

A

Fibrous outer membrane

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10
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

Hollow chamber within each kidney

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11
Q

What is the function of the renal sinus?

A

Houses renal pelvis

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12
Q

What are the two parts of the renal pelvis

A

Major and minor calyces

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13
Q

Where does the ureter come out of?

A

Hilum

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14
Q

What is the hilum?

A

an indentation in the surface of a kidney, spleen, or other organ, where blood vessels, ducts, nerve fibers, etc., enter or leave it.

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15
Q

What makes up the renal parenchyma?

A

Renal cortes and Renal Medulla

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16
Q

Where are renal columns?

A

In renal cortex

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17
Q

Where are renal pyramids?

A

Renal medulla

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18
Q

What is the renal papillae?

A

The tip of a renal pyramid

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19
Q

What are renal columns?

A

Renal columns are bands of granular tissue separating adjacent renal pyramids. The renal columns contain vessels and urinary tubes that run to the cortex.

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20
Q

What are renal pyramids?

A

Renal pyramids are cone-like formations consisting of multiple ducts which filter and purify the blood. They also manufacture and transport urine and waste products.

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21
Q

What are renal papillae?

A

Renal papilla Renal papilla are openings in the renal calyces through which the urine arrives from the collecting tubules.

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22
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

The cortex is the outer layer of the kidney composed of dense tissue. It lies just below the renal capsule. It contains small points known as Malpighi’s corpuscles (structures that constitute the fundamental part of the nephrons, where the blood is filtered).

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23
Q

What is a nephron?

A

Structural and functional unit of the kidney

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24
Q

How many nephrons are in a kidney?

A

About 1 million

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25
Q

What are the two main parts of a nephron?

A
  1. renal corpuscle 2. Renal tubule
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26
Q

Where is the site of filtration?

A

Nephrons

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27
Q

What are the two main parts of the renal corpuscle? (GB)

A
  1. Glomerulus 2. Bowman’s capsule
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28
Q

Bowman’s capsule is made up of what tissue?

A

2 layers of squamous epithelial cells, visceral and parietal

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29
Q

What are the three parts of the renal tubule? (PLD)

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) 2. Loop of Henle 3. Distal convoluted tubule
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30
Q

What’s another name for the loop of Henle?

A

Nephron loop

31
Q

What are the two parts of the Loop of Henle (DA)

A
  1. Descending limb 2. Ascending limb
32
Q

Descending convoluted tubule merges to form what?

A

Collecting ducts

33
Q

Collecting ducts merge to form what?

A

Renal papilla hole

34
Q

Renal papilla hole turns into what?

A

Minor calyx

35
Q

What is the first step in urine formation?

A

Filtration

36
Q

what two parts of urine formation can happen simultaneously?

A

Reabsorption and secretion

37
Q

What type of transport happens when substances from blood in glomerulus pass into bowman’s capsule?

A

Passive transport

38
Q

What is filtrate?

A

Everything in blood except: platelets, WBC/RBC, and plasma proteins.

39
Q

Describe reabsorption in the kidneys

A

Movement of substances from filtrate in renal tubule to blood of peritubular capillary.

40
Q

Where does most reabsorption occur?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

41
Q

What type of transport is involved in reabsorption?

A

Passive and active

42
Q

What lines the proximal convoluted tubule and why?

A

Microvilli to create a greater surface area

43
Q

Describe secretion in the kidneys

A

Movement of substances from blood of peritubular capillary to filtrate of renal tubule.

44
Q

What types of transport does secretion involve?

A

Passive and active

45
Q

Describe the process of urine elimination

A

Nephrons empty into collecting ducts which empty into openings in renal papillae to the major/minor calyces which empty into ureter then urinary bladder and finally urethra

46
Q

How many liters of urine is excreted every 24 hours?

A

1.5 L

47
Q

What is in nitrogenous metabolic waste? (U, C, UA)

A
  1. Urea 2. Creatinine 3. Uric Acid
48
Q

What is in urine? (W NMW E T P H AA)

A
  1. Water, 2, nitrogenous metabolic waste 3. electrolytes 4. toxins 5. pigments 6 hormones 7. amino acids
49
Q

Where do the ureters enter the bladder?

A

On the posterior side

50
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

Transport urine from kidney to bladder

51
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

4 layered distensible organ

52
Q

What are the 4 layers of the urinary bladder? ( M S M S)

A
  1. Mucous coat 2. Submucous 3. Muscular coat 4. Serous coat
53
Q

Which layer of the urinary bladder is made with smooth muscle?

A

Detrusor muscle

54
Q

What is the trigone?

A

a triangular region or tissue, particularly the area at the base of the urinary bladder, between the openings of the ureters and urethra.

55
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

Reservoir for urine and expels urine

56
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Passage way for urine from bladder to outside the body.

57
Q

Where does the urethra open?

A

External urethral orifice

58
Q

How long is the female urethra?

A

1-1.5 inches

59
Q

How long is the male urethra?

A

8 inches

60
Q

What is another name for urination?

A

micturition

61
Q

What sphincter muscles are involved in urination?

A
  1. Internal urethral sphincter 2. External urethral sphincter
62
Q

Where is the internal urethral sphincter located?

A

Junction of bladder and urethra

63
Q

Which urethral sphincter is involuntary?

A

Internal

64
Q

Which urethral sphincter is voluntary?

A

External

65
Q

Which urethral sphincter is made of smooth muscle?

A

Internal

66
Q

Which urethral sphincter is skeletal muscle?

A

External

67
Q

Where is the external urethral sphincter located?

A

2 cm distal to bladder within urethra

68
Q

What are the three parts to the male urethra?

A
  1. Proximal (prostatic) 2. Membranous (middle) 3. Penile (distal)
69
Q

Where is the micturition reflex located?

A

Sacral spinal cord segments

70
Q

What part of the brain is used for voluntary decision to urinate?

A

Cerebral cortex

71
Q

What is cystitis?

A

Inflammation of the bladder

72
Q

Who is more likely to get cystitis and why?

A

Females: Shorter urethra and closer to anus

73
Q

How does cystitis usually occur?

A

Bacteria on external urethra migrates into bladder

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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