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Anatomy and Physiology > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What is Meiosis

A

Male: spermatogenesis; Female oogenesis

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2
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells from 2 successive nuclear divisions.

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3
Q

What is the function of reproductive system?

A

Propagation of the species

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4
Q

3 Functions of male reproductive system

A
  1. Produce/maintain gametes.
  2. Produce sex hormones.
  3. Transport sperm to female reproductive tract
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5
Q

What are the primary male sex organs?

A

Gonades = Testes

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6
Q

What is the endocrine function of the gonads (testes)?

A

Testosterone production.

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7
Q

What is the exocrine function of the gonads (testes)?

A

Sperm formation.

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8
Q

What are the external secondary male sex organs?

A
  1. Scrotum

2. Penis

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9
Q

What are the internal secondary male sex organs? (7)

A

Epididymis, vas (ductus) deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, bulbourethral glands, proste gland, urethra

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10
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

Scrotum

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11
Q

What is the progression of the testes by birth?

A

Through the inguinal canal, guided by the gubernaculum.

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12
Q

What does cryptorchidism mean?

A

Hidden testes

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13
Q

What are 3 other names for Sertoli cells?

A
  1. Supporting
  2. Sustentacular
    3 Nurse
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14
Q

What is the function of sertoli cells?

A
  1. Support, nourish developing spermatogenic cells
  2. Mediate effects of FSH/Testosterone cells on spermatogenesis
  3. From “blood-testis barrier”
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15
Q

Name the 3 parts of a mature sperm cell

A
  1. Tail
  2. Midpiece
  3. Head
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16
Q

What is the tail of a sperm cell called

A

Flagellum

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17
Q

Where is mitochondria found in a sperm cell

A

Midpiece

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18
Q

What two parts make up the head of a sperm cell.

A
  1. Nucleus

2. Acrosome

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19
Q

What is the function of the acrosome?

A

Help the sperm penetrate the egg.

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20
Q

Where is the epididymis?

A

Posterior surface of the testes, connected to efferent ductules and leads to vas deferens

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21
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Major site of sperm storage during maturation and transport of sperm to vas defs.

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22
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

Part of spermatic cord along with blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves.

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23
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

Joins duct of seminal vesicle to ejaculatory duct.

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24
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens?

A

Transport sperm to ejaculatory duct.

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25
Q

Where are seminal vesicles located?

A

Posterior bladder

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26
Q

What are the functions of the seminal vesicles?

A
  1. Secrete nutrients for sperm (fructose)

2. Secrete prostaglandis

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27
Q

What is special about the prostaglandis secreted by the seminal vesicles?

A

They are somewhat alkaline and pass into ejaculatory duct at time of emission.

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28
Q

What are the ejaculatory ducts?

A

Union of ducts of seminal vesicles and vas deferentia.

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29
Q

What is the function of ejaculatory ducts?

A

Eject sperm, seminal vesicle fluid into prostatic urethra.

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30
Q

What is another name for the bulbourethral glands?

A

Cowper’s glands?

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31
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands located?

A

Sit below the prostate

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32
Q

What are the functions of bulbourethral glands?

A

Secrete alkaline, mucousy fluid to lubricate penis and lining of urethra

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33
Q

Where is the prostate gland located?

A

Sits below the bladder.

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34
Q

What are the functions of the prostate gland?

A
  1. secretes alkaline fluid

2. Enhances sperm motility

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35
Q

Name two prostate disorders.

A
  1. BPH: Benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia

2. Prostate cancer

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36
Q

Where is the urethra located?

A

Within corpus spongiosum of penis.

37
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Passageway for semen and urine

38
Q

How many sperm per ejaculation?

A

About 120 million

39
Q

How long does sperm survive after ejaculation?

40
Q

What is cappacitation?

A

Ability to fertilize egg, happens when entering female acrosome weakens

41
Q

What is some causes of infertility in men?

A
  1. Poor motility

2. Morphological defects

42
Q

What is the dartos muscle?

A

Smooth muscle that moves scrotum to regulate temperature.

43
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Protection of the testes.

44
Q

What are the 3 columns of erectly tissue in the penis?

A

Corpus spongiosum (urethra) and 2 sets of corpora cavernosa

45
Q

Another name for prepuce

46
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A
  1. Conveys urine/semen to outside

2. Passes semen into vagina during intercourse

47
Q

Erection stimulates which nervous system

A

Parasympathetic

48
Q

Which nervous system is associated with ejaculation?

A

Sympathetic

49
Q

What are the functions of the female reproductive system.

A
  1. Produce gametes (eggs or ova)
  2. Transport eggs for fertilization
  3. Receive penis during intercourse
  4. Maintain embryo/fetus
  5. Childbirth
  6. Sex hormone production
  7. Lactation
50
Q

What are the primary female sex organs?

A
  1. Gonads = ovaries
51
Q

When do the gonads (ovaries) descend during gestation?

A

Third month

52
Q

What ligaments hold the gonads (ovaries) in place?

A
  1. Broad
  2. Ovarian
  3. Suspensory
53
Q

What are the two main structures of the ovaries?

A
  1. Cortex

2. Medulla

54
Q

What is the endocrine function of the gonads (ovaries)?

A

Synthesize/secrete estrogen

55
Q

What is the exocrine function of the gonads (ovaries)?

56
Q

What are the internal secondary female sex organs? (3)

A
  1. Fallopian tubes
  2. Uterus
  3. Vagina
57
Q

What are the external secondary female sex organs?

A

Vulva, mons pubis, labia minora/majora, clitoris, Bartholin’s glands, mammary glands

58
Q

What is the function of the Fallopian (uterine) tubes?

A
  1. Site of fertilization

2. Transports ovum/fertilized egg to uterus

59
Q

What does the female infundibulum have to help capture eggs?

60
Q

What is the uterus?

A

3-layered muscular organ anchored by broad and round ligaments.

61
Q

What are the three linings of the uterus?

A
  1. Endometrium (innermost layer)
  2. Myometrium (made of smooth muscle)
  3. Perimetrium (outermost layer)
62
Q

What does metro mean?

63
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Endometrial tissue in the wrong place

64
Q

Why is endometriosis bad?

A

It can cause scaring and cause fertility issues.

65
Q

What are the three regions of the uterus?

A
  1. Fundus
  2. Body
  3. Cervix
66
Q

Where is the neck of the uterus and the site of a pap smear?

67
Q

What are the function of the uterus?

A
  1. Maintain developing baby
  2. Expel baby
  3. Shed endometrial lining during mesntruation
68
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A
  1. Receive penis during intercourse
  2. Birth canal
    Allow for passage of uterine secretions during menstruation
69
Q

What is the hymen?

A

Thing membrane covering vaginal orifice

70
Q

What are the eternal female reproductive organs? (4)

A
  1. Vulva
  2. Mons pubis
  3. Labia majora
  4. Labia minora
71
Q

Is the labia major or minora considered the vestibule?

A

Labia minora

72
Q

What is the clitoris?

A

Female penis that has erectile tissue

73
Q

What do Bartholin’s (vestibular) glands do?

A

Secrete mucus for lubrication

74
Q

What is the perineum?

A

Area from urethral opening to anus

75
Q

What is an episiotomy?

A

When you cut the perineum to prevent tearing.

76
Q

What nerve is numbed for an episiotomy

A

Pudendal nerve

77
Q

What happens during a female erection/orgasm? (3)

A
  1. Dilation of arteries
  2. Erectile tissue swells
  3. Muscular contractions within uterus/oviducts helps transport sperm
78
Q

What are the 4 parts of the mammary glands?

A
  1. Alveolar glands (milk producing)
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Lactiferous ducts
  4. Areola
79
Q

Which hormone promotes lactation?

A

Prolactin secreted by anterior pituitary

80
Q

What is a woman’s first milk called?

81
Q

What are the two functions of oxytocin as it pertains to the reproductive system?

A
  1. Stimulate milk ejection (“let-down”)

2. Stimulates uterine contraction to lessen uterine bleeding

82
Q

What percentage of women have reached menopause by 52?

83
Q

What does a lack of mense for one year indicate?

84
Q

What happens during menopause? (3)

A
  1. Ovaries unresponsive to gonadotropins
  2. Increase in FSH, LH
  3. Decrease in estrogen
85
Q

What hormone causes a woman to ovulate?

86
Q

What hormone causes eggs/follicles to develop in ovary?

87
Q

What part of the menstrual cycle varies the most?

A

Follicular (proliferative phase)

88
Q

When does menstruation start?

A

14 days before the start of the next period

89
Q

How long does it take corpus luteum to degenerate if egg isn’t fertilized?

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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