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Anatomy and Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system? (5 - I MADE)

A
  1. Ingestion 2. Movement 3. Absorption 4. Digestions 5. Elimination
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2
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

Mechanical and chemical

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3
Q

What are the alimentary tract organs? (6 OPESLS)

A
  1. Oral cavity 2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Small intestine 6. Large intestine
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4
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs? (4 SPLG)

A
  1. Salivary glands 2. Pancreas 3. Liver 4. Gallbladder
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5
Q

How long is the alimentary tract?

A

8 Meters

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6
Q

What are the 4 layers of the alimentary tract walls? (4 - MSMS)

A
  1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscular layer 4. Serosa
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7
Q

What parasympathetic nerve innervates the alimentary tract?

A

Vagus (10)

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8
Q

What sympathetic nerve innervates the alimentary tract?

A

Celiac plexus

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9
Q

What are the two types of mixing in the alimentary tract?

A
  1. Peristalsis 2. Segmentation
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10
Q

What is the function of the oral cavity?

A

Mechanical digestion of food and chemical digestion of CHO via amylase.

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11
Q

What are the structures of the oral cavity? (6 Triple T, C P V)

A
  1. Vestibule 2. Cheek/lips 3. Tongue 4. Palate 5. Teeth 6. Tonsils
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12
Q

What are the two portions of the palate?

A
  1. Hard (anterior) 2. Soft (posterior)
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13
Q

What are the parts of the tonsils (3 - PLP)

A
  1. Palatine 2 Lingual 3. Pharyngeal
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14
Q

What are the three pairs of salivary glands? (3 -SPS)

A
  1. Parotid 2. Sublingual 3. Submandibular
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15
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

A distensible muscular tube from the pharynx to the stomach

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16
Q

What does the esophagus lie posterior to?

A

Trachea

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17
Q

What does the lower esophageal sphincter do?

A

Prevents gastric juices from getting into esophagus.

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18
Q

What is the esophageal hiatus?

A

A hole where the esophagus and vagus nerve pass through the diaphragm.

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19
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

Carry food, liquids, and saliva from the mouth to the stomach.

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20
Q

Name three esophageal abnormalities.

A
  1. Hiatal hernia 2. GERD 3. Esophageal ulcer
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21
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

when part of your stomach pushes upward through your diaphragm.

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22
Q

What is GERD?

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, gastric reflux disease, or acid reflux disease is a chronic symptom of mucosal damage caused by stomach acid coming up from the stomach into the esophagus

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23
Q

Name the macroscopic structures of the stomach. (4 - CFBP)

A
  1. Cardiac region 2. Fundic region 3. Body 4. Pyloric region
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24
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

the sphincter muscle of the pylorus that separates the stomach from the duodenum

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25
Q

What are rugae?

A

Folds in the stomach

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26
Q

What are the two curvatures

A

Lesser and greater

27
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

a part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and liver and supporting the hepatic vessels

28
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and to the colon and covering the intestines

29
Q

What are the functions of the stomach? (4 ATMI)

A
  1. Absorption (little) 2. Temporary food reservoir 3. Mechanical digestion (chyme) 4. Initiates chemical digestion of proteins via pepsin
30
Q

What is chyme?

A

the pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food.

31
Q

What is the microscopic structure of the stomach?

A

Gastric glands within mucosa

32
Q

What are the three types of cells in gastric glands? (3-MCP)

A
  1. mucous cells 2. chief cells 3. parietal cells
33
Q

What is the collective term for all local stomach secretions?

A

Gastric juice

34
Q

What two chemicals are needed for Pepsin?

A

Pepsinogen and HCL

35
Q

What is the most important enzyme in gastric juice?

A

Pepsin

36
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

Initiates protein digestion

37
Q

What is responsible for gastric secretion and regulation?

A

Autonomic nervous system

38
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do in relation to gastric secretion/regulation

A

Increases gastric activity

39
Q

What is the reflex center for vomiting?

A

Medula

40
Q

What stimulates vomiting? (6 FMEHDI)

A
  1. fever 2. motion 3. emotions 4. hormones 5. drugs 6. irritation of stomach or s.i.
41
Q

What drugs cause vomiting?

A

Emetics

42
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

an open sore on an external or internal surface of the body, caused by a break in the skin or mucous membrane that fails to heal.

43
Q

Where do ulcers occur?

A

Stomach and small intestine

44
Q

What causes ulcers?

A

Build up of stomach acid

45
Q

What is the pancreas associated with?

A

Duodenum (s.i.)

46
Q

What two organs are considered retroperitoneal?

A

Kidneys and pancreas

47
Q

What secretes pancreatic juice?

A

Acinar cells

48
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Secretion of insulin and glucagon

49
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Secretes enzymes to breakdown PRO (protase), FAT (lipase), and CHO (amylase)

50
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

Upper right quadrant of the stomach below diaphragm.

51
Q

What are the functions of the liver? (3 BBL)

A
  1. Bile secretion 2. Blood filtration 3. Lipid synthesis/metabolism
52
Q

What is in bile? (4 WCBB)

A
  1. Water 2. Cholesterol 3. Bile pigments 4. Bile salts
53
Q

What do bile salts do?

A

Emulsify fats and absorb fat soluble vitamins and end products of fat digestion

54
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Stores and concentrates bile

55
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine? (6 DJIVMP)

A
  1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum 4. villi 5. microvilli 6. plicae circulares
56
Q

What is mesentery?

A

a fold of the peritoneum that attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen.

57
Q

Small intestine joins the large intestine where?

A

Ileocecal valve (sphincter)

58
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Completes chemical digestion and is primary site of nutrient absorption.

59
Q

What is the structure of the large intestine? (4 CCRA)

A
  1. Cecum 2. Colon 3. Rectum 4. Anal canal
60
Q

Where is the appendix?

A

Off the cecum

61
Q

What are the parts of the colon? (4 ATDS)

A
  1. Ascending 2. Transverse 3. Descending 4. Sigmoid
62
Q

What are the parts of the anal canal? (4 AAIE)

A
  1. Anal columns 2. anus 3. internal anal sphincter 4. external anal sphincter
63
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine? (4)

A

Formation/storage/elimination of feces 2. Mucus secretion 3. Water/electrolyte reabsorption 4. Vitamin synthesis

64
Q

Describe the parts of the defecation reflex. (5)

A
  1. Glottis closed 2. Abdominal muscles contract 3. diaphragm lowered with deep inspiration 4. Internal anal sphincter relaxes 5. voluntary relaxation of external anal sphincter

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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