Urinary System Flashcards
urinary tract
transport/store urine:ureter urinary bladder, urethra
ureters receive urines through_______. Urine is stored in _____ until released through
peristalsis
bladder;urethra
Functions of urinary system
regulates plasma ion concentration helping to stabilize blood pH
eliminates metabolic wastes from chemical processes (urea, uric acid) while preventing loss of valuable nutrients
regulates blood pressure through blood volume regulation
synthesizes calcitrol (vit d) and erythropoietin (rbc production)
All organs in urinary system are _______ in terms of positioning. Kidneys are partially protectedly ______.
retroperitoneal
rib cage
Layers of connective tissue surrounding kidneys helping to stabilize and protect them
fibrous capsule directly surrounds kidneys then perinephric fat and finally renal fascia that anchors them to surrounding structures
_____ KIDNEY IS LOWER THAN _____KIDNEY BECAUSE______
RIGHT/LEFT
LIVER IS ABOVE RIGHT
_______ AND _____ branch off the aorta and inferior vena cava and go into the kidneys where they branch off into ______ where excess______, _______, and _____ are filtered out of blood
renal arteries and veins
capillaries
ions, water, and waste
________ glands or ______ glands are endocrine glands that secrete hormones such as adrenaline and ______
suprarenal; adrenal
cortisol
where blood vessels in the renal pelvis will pass through
hilum of kidney
______ branches off into glomerular capillaries. group of glomerular capillaries_____
______takes filtrate out and then branches off into ____ capillaries
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole; peritubular
Pathway of renal circulation starting at renal artery
renal artery—->afferent arterioles—>glomerulus—>efferent arterioles
—>peritubular capillaries—>venules—>inferior vena cava
—>vasa recta
_____ surround the glomerular capillaries. Between the tiny feet are ____ where blood plasma with substances in it will leak and then whatever was filtered out of blood will end up in capsular space and follow a system of tubules PCT—>_______—>______—>______
podocytes; filtration slits
nephron loop;DCT; collecting duct
Renal corpuscle
glomerulus and bowman’s capsule
renal tubule
PCT, nephron loop, DCT
Nephron is the _______ of the kidney and consist of
functional unit
renal corpuscle+ renal tubule
Most nephrons (85%) are ______ because urine is mostly _____ and _______ nephrons main function is to _____ the urine. ______ nephrons can _____ urine because they are way ______ than ____ nephron
cortical; water
juxtamedullary; concentrate
juxtamedullary; concentrate; bigger
cortical
Describe the locations of the structures of cortical nephron vs juxtamedullary nephron
Both renal corpuscles of either nephron are in the cortex and the PCT as well
Filtrate gets modified in ______
nephron loop
Mechanisms nephrons use for urine formation
filtration: process of filtering or forcing fluid across semi-permeable membrane. Filtrations happens at glomerulus which are fenestrated capillaries
Tubular Reabsorption- move substances from tubular fluid back into tissue fluid, reabsorbed back into blood stream (nutrients not waste) (uses ATP)
Tubular Secretion- takes substances from blood stream and interstitial fluid into the nephron (toxins) uses ATP
_____ does 60% of reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- ions and some water as well, organic nutrients and proteins. What allows this to reabsorb so well is the cells lining inside which are ______ with _____.
PCT
simple cuboidal; microvilli
______ does reabsorption of water (not permeable to ions), leads to small volume of concentrated tubular fluid
Descending limn of nephron loop
Does reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- ion in cell membrane of this structure there are lots of Na+ and Cl- _____ pumps that _____ the tubular fluid. By the end of the nephron loop there is _____ volume of ____ tubular fluid
ascending limb of nephron loop
active;deconcentrates
low; diluted
In ____ the tubular fluid is sensitive to hormones. _____ works to _____ the amount of aquaporins in the ______and ____ FACILITATING h2oMOVEMENT THROUGH ______
DCT
ADH; increase; DCT and collecting duct
When blood osmolality is too high the _____ gland senses this and releases ___ to reabsorb H2O produce _____volume/_____ concentrated urine
pituitary; ADH
less;more
______ hormone affects the DCT; it aids in _____ secretion in DCT and ____ reabsorption
Aldosterone
K+; Na+
______ surround the renal tubule because they put back into the bloodstream all substances that were reabsorbed from tubular fluid as well as to secrete in tubular fluid toxins and ions
Peritubular capillaries
_____ is only present in juxtamedullary nephrons. Peritubular capillaries surround the ______of cortical nephrons. Peritubular capillaries surround ______ and ____ of juxtamedullary nephrons but the ___ is surrounded by ____
vasa recta
renal tubule
DCT;PCT; vasa recta
Ending of ____ associates with renal corpuscle forming _______. It is made up of 3 types of cells :
DCT juxtameullary complex
macula densa, juxtamedullar cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells
_______cells are messengers facilitating the communication between macula densa and juxta glomerular cells.
extraglomerular mesangial
______in DCT next to afferent anterior; have _______ that sense the fluid inside the DCT and they measure the conc. of ___ and ___ present in tubular fluid after passing through nephron to see if fluid passes through too slowly or quickly
macula densa cells;chemoreceptors
Na and Cl
______ cells are smooth muscle cells in the wall of afferent arteriole they measure pressure of blood that is entering glomerular capillaries, have _________ measuring stretch of arteriole. If arteriole is really stretched the BP is high and these cells can contract to prevent damage to glomerular capillaries that can pop If BP is too high. If BP is too low then the cells don’t stretch enough so they release _______
Juxtaglomerullar;mechanoreceptors
renin
Lining lumen of ureter is ______ epithelium )also in bladder). It also has ______ layer that moves urine through peristalsis to urinary bladder. The _____ layer is the outermost and anchors ureter to surrounding tissue. Ureters attach ______ to the urinary bladder at the ____. The ___ has 2 orifices that takes urine into the urinary bladder. It is at the base of the bladder and funnels urine into the _____. It is common place of infection
stratified transitional
smooth muscle
adventitia
posteriorly;trigone x2
urethra
Bladder has ____ to stretch. The _____ lines the wall of urinary bladder which allows it to contract and squeeze urine into urethra. Continuous with the ______ muscle at the junction of the urinary bladder and urethra is the ______
rugae
trucer muscle
trucer; internal urethral sphincter
Parts of the male urethra
prostatic urethra (passes through prostate)—-> membranous urethra passes through urogenital diaphragm—–> spongy urethra goes through corpus spongiosum and exits through external urethral orifice
Urination is coordinated by ______ reflex. When bladder is full it stretches and activates _______ that send info to spinal cord then to brain and we become aware of the need to urinate this leads to contraction of the ____ muscle and relaxation of _____.
micturition
baroreceptors; detrucer muscle
internal urethral sphincter
_______ muscles line the wall of the urinary bladder. It is innervated by _________ neurons which release neurotransmitter _______ onto _______ receptors
detrusor
parasympathetic (smooth muscle)
ACh; musarinic ACh receptors
When the bladder is filling, stretch receptors in the bladder stimulate interneurons located in the _________ segments of the spinal cord. These neurons inhibit _________ nerves to the detrusor muscles while the _______ innervations to the internal urethral sphincter and ______ neurons to the external urethral sphincter are stimulated. This describes the ______ reflect and prevents _______
s2-24
parasympathetic
sympathetic; somatic motor
guarding reflex ;prevents involuntary emptying of bladder
During ______ reflex, ______ receptors pass sensory information up the spinal cord to the _______ center of the pons. This center activates ______ nerve to the ____ muscle causing it to ______ rhythmically. Inhibition of _____ nerve may also cause ______ of the internal urethral sphincter. At this point, person feel urgency to urinate but has voluntary control over _______.
voiding; stretch ; micturition
parasympathetic; detrusor; contract
sympathetic; relaxing
external urethral sphincter
Renal lobe
1 pyramid+ 2 columns+ external cortex
Describe full renal circulation starting from renal artery
renal artery—-> interlobar arteries—->arcuate arteries—->interlobular arteries—->afferent arterioles—->glomerulus—->efferent arterioles—->peritubular tubules—->interlobular veins —->arcuate veins—->interlobar veins—->renal vein
describe the flow of filtrate starting at glomerular capsule
Filtrate is produced in renal corpuscle —->PCT—->descending and ascending limps of loop of henle—->DCT—->collecting duct—->fluid is now urine and will drain into minor calyx
Fluid entering the glomerular capsule is called _______.
filtrate
Blood must pass through the following layers to become filtrate:
capillary fenestrae—->glomerular basement membrane—->visceral layer of bowmans capsule composed of podocytes and its extensions, pedicles—->(slits in pedicles) slit diaphragm pores (major barrier for filtration of plasma proteins)
Defect in the slit diaphragm causes ______. This is because they are the major barrier for filtration of _______ and defects will result in massive leakage of _____into the filtrate. Some _____ is filtered out into filtrate but it is reabsorbed by ________ therefore less than 1% is in urine.
proteinuria
plasma proteins; proteins
albumin(major class of plasma proteins); active endocytosis
Filtrate is formed under the ______ ______ of the blood. Fluid in the glomerular capsule(filtrate or _____) gets there via the ______ of the blood (_____ _____ -_____)
hydrostatic pressure x2 ;ultrafiltrate
capillary blood pressure
180 L of water is filtered per day but only _ is excreted as urine. This will ____ when well hydrated and _____ when dehydrated. A minumum ______mL must be excreted to get rid of wastes in body this is called_______. 85% of reabsorption occurs in the ______ (65%) and _____(20%) this portion is unregulated. The final 15% of water is absorbed later in the ____ (_____ and ____)under control of -______.
1-2L
increase; decrease
400; obligatory water loss
proximal tubules; descending loop of Henle
nephron (distal tubule and collecting duct)
ADH
The PCT reabsorbs ___(list) from the filtrate
Na, Cl, K, Mg, NH4,HCO3, H2O, glucose
The following describes characteristics of Diabetes Mellitus:
Blood glucose is ______ normal and ______appears in the urine. This is because _______ transporters are overwhelmed and can’t reabsorb all of it in the filtrate.
The presence of excess glucose in the filtrate raises its ______
frequent urination and increased thirst
above;glucose
glucose
osmolality
the frequent urination and increased thirst experienced by people with untreated diabetes are due to
less water being reabsorbed from the filtrate in the blood
Water _____ be actively pumped out of the tubes.
Fluid entering loop of henle is _____ to interstitial fluids.
The structure of the loop of henle allows for a concentration gradient to be set up for the ____ of water.
The ______ portion sets up this gradient.
cannot
isotonic
osmosis
ascending
In ascending limb of loop of henle _____ is actively pumped into the interstitial fluid from the ____ segment of the limb. Walls are _____to water, so ____ cannot occur.
Surrounding interstitial fluid becomes increasingly ______ at the bottom of the tube.
Tubular fluid entering the ascending loop of henle becomes more ____ as it ascends the loop.
Salt;thick
impermeable;osmosis
concentrated
hypotonic
descending limb of the loop of henle is not permeable to _____ but permeable to ____. wATER is drawn out of the filtrate into the _______ space where it is quickly picked up by capillaries
As it descends, the tubular fluid becomes more____ perfect for _____ transport ouT of the fluid in the ascending portion.
salt; water
interstitial
concentrated; salt
countercurrent multiplication is a _______ feed back mechanism created between the two portions of the ______. The more salt removed from thick ascending limb the saltier the fluid entering will be (due to loss of water in descending limb)
This progression continues until maximum concentration is reached in inner medulla. This maximum is determined by the capacity of the active transport pumps working along the lengths of the thick segments of the ascending limbs.
positive; loop of henle
The ____ is the last stop in urine formation. It is impermeable to ____ but permeable to _____.
Also influenced by ______ of interstitial fluid- water will leave via ____ if able to
Permeability to water depends on the number of ____ channels in the cells of the collecting duct
Availability of these channels is determined by ______
collecting duct
salt; water
hypertonicity; osmosis
aquaporin
ADH
ADH binds to receptors on _____ cells
then vesicles with aquaporin channels fuse to plasma membrane- water channels are removed without ADH
ADH is produced by neurons in the ______ but released from ______
collecting duct
hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
Juxtaglomerular apparatus plays important role in regulation of _______.
when BP decreases in renal corpuscle
_______ cells release the enzyme ____ into the blood stream
Renin converts ________ to _______
Angiotensin I circulates the body and arrives att capillaries of lungs
Angiotensin Converting enzyme (ACE) present in these capillaries converts angiotensin I to _________
BP
juxtaglomerular cells ; renin
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
angiotensin II
Angiotensin II has three major effects:
vasoconstriction
release of ADH
stimulates release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex
aldosterone stimulates Na+ reabsorption and secretion of K+ within the DCT and collecting ducts which allows more water to be reabsorbed increasing volume and pressure
overal effect: increases BP
The kidneys regulate acid-base balance by secreting _____ions and reabsorbing _____ ions.
Normal urine pH levels are ______. _____pH contributes to formation of kiney stones.
hydrogen; bicarbonate
6.5-7.5
acidic
Urinalysis glucose test identifies the presence of glucose using _____ regent. Urine sample changes color to _____ if there is glucose present and stays ____ if there is none. The structure that doesn’t work properly if there is glucosuria is ________. What causes glucosaria is _____ or _____.
Benedict’s
red; blue
PCT
diabetes or high sugar diets
Urinalysis protein test identifies the presence of proteinic urine using ____ reagent. Initially urine sample is clear with the reagent and turns _____ if there are proteins present. Negative result is ____ or _____. The structure that is not working properly if there is proteinuria is ____. What causes proteinuria is____
biuret’s
purple
blue or clear
glomerulus
high protein diet
Explain the Bohr effect
If graph shifts to the left then there is _____Hb-O2 affinity this _______ Co2 and _______ pH.
If graph shifts right this ____ the Hb-O2 affinity, this ______ CO2 and _____ pH.
if CO2 increases in blood this lowers blood pH and O2 has less affinity for hemoglobin
higher; lowers; higher
lower; higher; lower
Acid-base balance
Major mechanisms for controlling blood pH:
buffer systems; quick but temporary
hydrogen bonds to bicarbonate to form carbonic acid, this dissociates into co2 and H2o elimated by lungs ;increasing pH
exhalation of CO2: Increase in breathing releases excess co2 which reduces carbonic acid levels increasing pH
Kidney excretion of H+
slowest mechanism
only way to eliminate acids other than carbonic acid
increases pH
Type I vs Type II diabetes
I-
5 % , beta cells cannot produce insulin, usually in teens and children
II-
90%, adults over 40, cells do not use insulin well(insulin resistance) or insulin deficiency
We need ___ so that our cells uptake glucose.
We start metabolizing the storage of ____ to get energy in absence of glucose. This will lead to increased concentration of ____ in blood (____) and urine (______).
After this the body will break down _____ if needed.
insulin
lipids
ketone bodies; ketosis; ketonuria
proteins
