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Anatomy/Physiology 3 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Structures of digestive tract

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, SI, LI, Anus

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2
Q

Accessory organs of digestive system

A

salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas, teeth, tongue

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3
Q

Functions of digestive system

A

Ingestion
Secretion
Mechanical processing
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation
Immune barrier

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4
Q

What are the different motility present in GI tract

A

ingestion, mastication, swallowing, peristalsis, segmentation

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5
Q

What are the exocrine and endocrine secretions of digestive tract

A

exocrine; digestive enzymes, HCl, mucus, water, nicarbonate
endocrine: hormones to regulate digestion

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6
Q

Layers of the GI tract are also called:
what are the layers from innermost to outer:

A

Tunics:
Mucosa
submucosa
Muscular layer or muscularis externa
Serosa or Adventitia

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7
Q

When does bolus become chyme

A

when mixed with acid in stomach

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8
Q

where does most absorption vs digestion occur

A

duodenum- digestion
jejunum- absorption

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9
Q

Describe the characteristic of the mucosa (location, layers, etc)

A

inner secretory and absorptive lining/ layer of digestive tract
may be folded to increase SA
Mucous membrane
Consists of mucosal epithelium and lamina propia

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10
Q

Mucosal epithelium of the _______ can be either ______ or ______ varying on location. Name the appearance of the epithelium in locations

A

mucosa; stratified or simple squamous
Oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus are lined
with nonkeratinized stratified squamous cells
(resist stress and abrasion)
*Stomach, small intestine, and large intestine are lined with simple columnar cells (for secretion and absorption)

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11
Q

Describe the layers of the mucosa

A

consists of simple columnar epithelium were cells are held by tight junctions,
epithelium is supported by lamina propia which is a think layer of connective tissue that contains lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and sensory nerve endings to nourish epithelium.
External to lamina propia is thin layer of smooth muscle called muscular mucosae

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12
Q

function of muscular mucosae

A

contraction of muscle fibers change the shape of the lumen and moves the place circulares (small folds)

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13
Q

Describe the submucosa and its contents

A

above the mucosa, irregular dense fibrous connective tissue(thick, stretchy, difficult to tear)
highly vascular
contains large blood vessels,larvge lymphatic vessels and nerves that form the submucosal plexus

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14
Q

What is function of submucosal plexus

A

innervates the mucosa and they contain sensory neurons, parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve fibers

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15
Q

What is the third layer of the digestive tract, characteristics and functions

A

muscularis; consists of 2 smooth muscle layers (inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers)
between 2 muscle layers is the myenteric plexus
forms sphincters or valves in some locations (thickened circular muscular layer is seen in sphincters)

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16
Q

circular vs. longitudinal muscle layers

A

contraction of circular muscle decreases lumen diameter
contraction of longitudinal shortens the length in specific area
contraction of both mechanically processes the food and moves it along the tract (peristalsis)

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17
Q

Myenteric plexus vs. submucosal neural plexus

A

Submucosal plexus is in submucosa where there are glands so it is involved with control of secretions in DI tract
myenteric plexus is in muscularis in between 2 muscle layer (circular/longitudinal) it is involved with contraction of both muscle layers

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18
Q

Common physical characteristic of both the mucosa and submucosa

A

both contain glands that secrete secretions through ducts to epithelial surface of lumen

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19
Q

Outermost layer of DI tract, characteristics/functions

A

serosa;

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20
Q

where is serosa found/ not found. what do these other structures have instead and why

A

found only within peritoneal cavity not in pharynx, esophagus, and rectum which are covered by fibrous adventitia
adventitia is a dense network of collagen fibers, very thick to anchor the organs to nearby structures

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21
Q

The peritoneum consists of the serosa or ______ and the _______ continuous with each other. ________ lubricates the serial surfaces. Organs located within the peritoneum are_______.

A

visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum
serous fluid
intraperitoneal

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22
Q

name the different organs associated with the peritoneum and their locations

A

intraperitoneal: within the peritoneum; stomach jejunum ileum, spleen, transverse colon, liver

retroperitoneal: not surrounded by peritoneum; kidney, abdominal aorta, ureters,

secondary retroperitoneal: start within but then pushed out;pancreas and last 2/3 of duodenum

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23
Q

What are mesenteries; name them and there corresponding organ

A

folds of the peritoneum, responsible for anchoring each digestive organ in place
transverse mesocolon—> transverse colon in place
falciform ligament —>liver to diaphragm
lesser omentum —> liver to stomach
greater omentum —>stomach to transverse colon
mesentery proper —> SI in place
sigmoid mesocolon —> LI in place

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24
Q

greater omentum hangs over______ and contains thick layer of _______ that serves as______,______, and ______.

A

hangs like apron over intestines, contains thick layer of adipose tissue for energy reserve and padding protection and insulation against heat lost

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25
Q

what is peristalsis and segmentation and what are they controlled by

A

peristalsis- muscular layer propels bolus through DI tract in a series of peristaltic waves

Segmentation: material is churned and fragmented
movements controlled by myenteric reflexes of the enteric nervous system

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26
Q

structures within oral cavity

A

tongue, uvuala, palatal arches, salivary glands, teeth

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27
Q

Epithelium in oral cavity

A

non-keratinized stratified epithelium

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28
Q

roof of mouth consists of ____ and separates the oral cavity from _____.
_____ separates the oral cavity from nasopharynx.
the floor of the oral cavity consists of_____

A

hard palate; nasal cavity
soft palate
tongue

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29
Q

The space between the oral cavity and the oral pharynx;
____ guards the opening to the oral pharynx and blocks food from going down the throat too soon. When swallowing the _____ and ____ more up to block the nasopharynx

A

fauces
uvula
uvula and soft palate

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30
Q

Where does digestion begin and why

A

mouth; saliva contains salivary amylase to start digestion of starch and also contains muscus

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31
Q

functions of tongue

A

mechanical digestion (pushes food against palate), manipulation of food, sensory analysis, secretion of enzymes aiding in fat digestion, speaking

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32
Q

What is the frenulum

A

folds of skin in midline of lip that holds the lips in place . frenulum of Tonge keeps the tongue forward so it doesn’t roll back into pharynx

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33
Q

____ surround each tooth. Teeth are embedded in maxilla and mandible bone, their function is ______.

A

gingiva/gums, mechanical digestion

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34
Q

what are the pairs of salivary glands? How do they alter the salivary compisition?

A

parotid gland: 25% of saliva (serous) biggest salivary gland

sublingual gland: 5% of saliva (mucous) smallest salivary gland

submandibular gland: 70% of saliva (mucous+ serous saliva)

ALL 3 GLANDS PRODUCE SALIVARY AMYLASE (PARTIAL DIGESTION OF CARBS)

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35
Q

What are the types of saliva? describe their composition

A

mucous saliva is very thick and acts as binding agent to put what we are chewing together

serous saliva is water and enzymes is water and enzymes (salivary amylase)
Saliva consists of water, ins, buffers, and salivary amylase

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36
Q

What are the swallowing phase

A

buccal phase: conscious decision, tongue movement forcing bolus towards pharynx

pharyngeal phase: no conscious control, epiglottis covers glottis and the larynx, bolus moves from pharynx to esophagus

esophageal phase:once food passes upper esophageal sphincter it closes preventing regurgitation

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37
Q

Describe the the positioning of the esophagus to reach the stomach

A

passes behind heart, anterior to vertebrae, crosses diaphragm through esophageal hiatus, enters peritoneal cavity and reaches stomach

38
Q

The layers of the esophagus are _______. esophagus is lined with_____. Upper esophagus, mouth, and pharynx are innervated by ______ while the Lower esophagus is controlled by _____ because as you go down the esophagus ______ decreases and _____ increases which is what pushes bolus towards stomach through ______ movement. ______ OPENS TO pass bolus into stomach. Esophagus is innervated by______

A

Adventitia, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa.
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
somatic motor neurons;ANS; skeletal muscle fibers decrease; smooth muscle; peristaltic movement. Lower esophageal sphincter
VAGUS NERVE

39
Q

The outside/white part of the teeth is called _______ it is covered by _______ that makes it white. Inside of the gingiva is _______. The ________ surface is the top part of tooth, where upper and lower teeth connect. Little part of tooth that is part of the gum line is called______

A

crown;enamel (hardest part of the body)
root
occlusal surface
neck

40
Q

The gums or ________ help protect the tooth and form a cushion around it. Surrounding the root of the tooth is ______ that anchors the tooth to the ________ ______ that holds the tooth in the alveoli bony cavity that the tooth sits in.

A

gingiva
cement; periodontal ligament

41
Q

There are no live cells in enamel it is tightly packed ______, only the ____ is covered in it. There are no live cells to prevent______. Under enamel there is _____ that is as hard as bone and consists of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. This has tubules that help transmit nutrients from the ______ to the enamel to keep teeth strong and healthy. The _____ contains blood vessels and nerves it is innervated by the ______ and ____ branch of the trigeminal nerve. For the nerves and blood vessels to reach the _____ they must puss through the _____ canal.

A

calcium phosphate, only the crown is covered by it
infections
dentine
pulp cavity x2; maxillary and mandibular
pulp cavity ; root canal

42
Q

Functions of the stomach

A

storage of food
mechanical digestion through segmentation
chemical (protein) digestion
kills bacteria in food (acid)
moves food into SI in the form of chyme
very little digestion occurs here

43
Q

The stomach consists of

A

lower esophageal sphincter—>cardiac—>fundus—>body—>pylorus—>pyloric sphincter

greater/ lesser curvatures and greater/lesser omentum
Greater omentum extends from the greater curvature and drapes across surface of the SI
Lesser omentum extends from lesser curvature of stomach to liver

lining has folds —>rugae (has gripping texture aiding in churning)

44
Q

Smooth muscle layers of stomach

A

circular, longitudinal, and oblique muscles

45
Q

The stomach is lined with ______ epithelium. ______ cells protect stomach from acidic environment by producing mucus.

A

simple columnar
mucous epithelial cells

46
Q

In mucosa of stomach are entrances called_____ that go deep into mucosa where we find _______ that have specialized cells that secrete acid, enzymes, and hormone gastrin. On neck of gastric pit are ____ cells that produce mucous that lubricates food entering stomach. Deep into gastric pit are ______, ______, _____ cells.

A

gastric pits
gastric glands
mucous neck cells
parietal, chief, g cells

47
Q

Associate each cell found in stomach to its function:
1. parietal cells
2. chief (zygomatic) cells
3. g cell
4.Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells
5. D cell
6. goblet (mucous) cell
7.P/D1 cells

A
  1. secrete HCl helping with chemical digestion of bolus and killing pathogens and intrinsic factor that helps SI absorb B12
  2. secrete pepsinogen that when mixed with HCl becomes pepsin
  3. secrete gastrin, stimulates chief +parietal cells , and contraction of muscle in stomach (activated by vagus nerve)
  4. secrete histamine and serotonin
  5. secrete somatostatin
  6. secrete mucous to protect lining
    7.secrete hormone gherkin that signal brain to regulate hunger
48
Q

In stomach are _______, when the pH is too ______ then g cells stop being activated therefore so do _______ +________.
There is _______ absorption in the stomach due to ________

A

chemoreceptors; low; chief and parietal cells
little to no; thick mucous layer

49
Q

HCl is producied in parietal cells located in the gastric glands of stomach. CO2 diffuses into parietal cell an enzyme (carbonic anhydrase) turns co2 and water into carbonic acid. The carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate and H+, the bicarbonate is transported back into blood. There is an ion exchange molecule in plasma membrane of cell that exchanges bicarbonate going out for chloride going in.

H+ is actively transported into the duct of the gastric gland and the Cl- diffuses with the H+. K+ ions are counter transported into the parietal cell in exchange for the H+ ions. The overall result of this process is

A

the production of HCl in the parietal cells and its secretion into the ducts of the gastric gland therefore the gastric juices while secreting bicarbonate in the blood

50
Q

Functions of HCl and pepsin

A

HCl drops pH to 2 which is the optimal pH for pepsin activity
HCl denatures ingested proteins allowing access to enzymes
HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin
Pepsin catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in the ingested proteins

51
Q

Acid and pepsin could damage the stomach lining. What are defenses that help prevent this

A

-Adherent layer of mucus with alkaline bicarbonate
-tight junctions between epithelial cells
-rapid epithelial mitosis that replaces the epithelium every 3 days

52
Q

Proteins begin digestion in the
starches begin digestion in the _____ but amylase is not active at ______ present in stomach so it becomes ________.

The only common substances absorbed in the stomach are______ and ____ this is due to _____. These substances can cause damage to the ______ and cause bleeding therefore must be avoided by those with gastric ulcers.

A

stomach
mouth; pH 2, inactivated by the high acidity of gastric juices
alcohol and NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) (aspirin); high lipid solubility
gastric mucosa

53
Q

Food entering the SI causes release of _____ and ___ . CCK inhibits stomach ______, preventing more chyme from being released and stimulate contraction of smooth muscle in _____. CCK also stimulates ______ to release digestive enzymes into _________ of SI.
Secretin stimulates release of ______ to neutralize chyme.

A

CCK and secretin.
contraction; gall bladder
pancreas; duodenum
buffers

54
Q

SI starts at the _____ sphincter and ends at the _______ ______. Its 3 sections include _______. The ______ is folded into vilii and the ______ is folded into microvilli increasing the surface area for ______

A

pyloric sphincter;ileocecal valve
duodenum; jejunum, ileum
mucosa; epithelial plasma membranes; absorption of nutrients

55
Q

Functions of the SI, what is absorbed in each region

A

complete digestion carbs, proteins, and fats
absorption of nutrients:
sugars, lipids, amino acids, calcium and iron are absorbed in jejunum
bile salts, b12, water, electrolytes in ileum
very rapid absorption due to villi and microvilli

DIGESTION+ABSORPTION

56
Q

Layer of Si

A

mucosa, sub mucosa, muscularis, serosa

57
Q

SI has circular folds with villi on top. One villus is lined with ______ cells and ______ cells. On the middle of each villus is _____ that has blood vessels and lacteals (lymphatic vessels of SI). Most nutrients are absorbed into blood vessels while _____ are absorbed into lacteals then transported to lymphatic vessel and then the left subclavian veins.

A

columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells.
lamina propia
lipids (fatty acids, cholesterol, lipid-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)

58
Q

In duodenum at base of villi are ______ responsible for secreting large amounts of mucus that neutralize acidic chyme.
Jejunum has more pronounced ______ for increased absorption.
In Ileum the ______ + ______are reduced and there are________present that guard the SI from bacteria in LI

A

duodenal submucosal glands (brummer’s glands)
circular folds
circular folds + villi;lymphoid nodules (peers patches)

59
Q

Smooth muscle of ______ controls the release of secretions: bile from the liver and gallbladder via common bile duct /buffers and digestive enzymes from pancreas via pancreatic duct

A

sphincter of oddi

60
Q

The plasma membranes of the microvilli contain enzymes called ____, that hydrolyze disaccharides, poly peptides and other substrates. They are not released into lumen but stay attached to plasma membrane with active site exposed to chyme.

A

brush border enzyme

61
Q

What causes lactose intolerance

A

inability to digest the disaccharide lactose into glucose and galactose for SI to absorb.
Digestion of lactose requires enzyme lactose (brush border disaccharidases)
accumulation f lactose in intestine produces gas, bloating, diarrhea, nausea

62
Q

Brush border enzymes

A

Disaccharidase Brush border enzymes
Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase
Digests sucrose to glucose and fructose;
Digests maltose to glucose
Digests lactose to glucose and galactose
Peptidase Brush border enzymes
Aminopeptidase, Enterokinase
Produces free amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides
Activates trypsin (and indirectly other pancreatic juice enzymes);
Phosphatase Brush border enzymes
Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase Alkaline phosphatase
Needed for absorption of dietary calcium; enzyme activity regulated by vitamin D
Removes phosphate groups from organic molecules; enzyme activity may be
regulated by vitamin D

63
Q

Describe the motility present in SI

A

peristalsis is weak therefore movement of food is much slower
segmentation is stronger, serves to mix chyme
smooth muscle contractions occur automatically

64
Q

Regions of LI

A

ileocecal valve–> cecum–> ascending colon–> transverse colon–> descending colon–> sigmoid colon –>rectum–> anal canal–> anus

65
Q

LI functions

A

absorption of water, electrolytes, vitamin K, some b vitamins, storage of feces, production of vitamin K and B vitamins via microbial organisms, compacts waste into feces

66
Q

LI contions ____ that breakdown food residues and make available important vitamins such as ______. Major bacteria in LI _____

A

intestinal flora; vitamin k
E.coli

67
Q

breakdown of food generates______. Feces is stored in

A

flatulence
sigmoid colon

68
Q

Made up of Circular muscle layer of LI is called______
longitudinal muscle layer of LI______

A

haustra
taenia coli-aids in peristalsis

69
Q

There is no _____ in LI therefore there is not much absorption here. The lining of the LI is ______. Between epithelium are goblet cells and intestinal gland that secrete juice

A

villi
simple columnar epithelium

70
Q

anal canal has ___ that lubricate feces as it is forced out

A

mucous glands

71
Q

Most absorption occurs in ______ but some is left for ______. Not all water is absorbed _____ is left per day to be _____ with feces. The largest concern with diarrhea is dehydration due to ______.

A

SI;LI
200 mL
fluid loss

72
Q

The largest abdominal organ is the ____ it is located on the _____ side and is divided into _____ lobes

A

liver, right, 4

73
Q

______ and ____ ligaments hold the liver to the diaphragm. THE _____ ligament divides the right and left lobe. ______ ligament formed by degeneration of fetal umbilical vein

A

right and left coronary ligaments
falciform
round

74
Q

The liver is only _ cells thick. Liver cells or _______ form________that are separated from each other by large capillary spaces called _____ which are very _____. The spaces also contain phagocytic _______ cells (immune/infection).
The liver has regenerative properties due to the ability of hepatocytes to convert to progenitor cells that can divide and convert back to hepatocytes, when original mass is restored cell division ceases. This ability is seen with toxins or infections however they cause fibrotic deposits of collagen that protect hepatocytes from toxic damage however excessive collagen and scarring alter liver function.
Hepatic damage due to alcohol or viral hepatitis causes liver ___ that can lead to cirrhosis of liver (permanently damaged and scarred).

A

hepatocytes; hepatic plates
sinusoids, very permeable
kupffer cells
fibrosis

75
Q

hepatic plates aree arranged as lobules . In the middle of each lobule is a central vein and at the periphery of each lobule are branches of the hepatic portal vein and of the hepatic artery both of which open into the sinusoids between hepatic plates.

Products of digestion absorbed in intestines are delivered to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. The hepatic portal vein then carries the products of go tract to capillaries in liver. After passing through the second capillary bed of liver sinusoids it then enters general circulation through the hepatic vein that drains the liver.
Liver also receives arterial blood from hepatic artery.

A
76
Q

Hepatic Portal system

A

intestinal capillaries—> portal veins—>hepatic capillaries—>central veins (hepatic vein)

77
Q

The hepatic portal vein drains the capillaries of the intestine, pancreas, gallbladder, omentum and spleen 75-85% of blood flow to liver. Blood from intestines allows hepatic portal vein to deliver nutrients and other absorbed molecules to the liver. Hepatic artery supplies remaining 20-25% of blood flow to the liver. Arterial blood flow is adjusted to compensate for changes in the blood flow through hepatic portal vein. Therefore total hepatic blood flow is maintained at about 25% cardiac output . Relatively constant hepatic blood flow is necessary to maintain hepatic clearance- the ability of the liver to remove substances from blood.

A
78
Q

bile secreted by hepatocytes is released into bile canaliculi within each hepatic plate, which drains into bile ducts in the periphery of each portal lobule, then to hepatic ducts away from liver

A
79
Q

Liver functions

A

1-bile production and secretion ( 250-1500mL/day)
2-detoxification of blood (can remove hormones, drugs, and other substances by excreting in bile, phagocytosis by kupffer cells lining sinusoids, chemically altered by hepatocytes)
3-bile salts (aggregate to form micelles and thus emulsify fats)
4-secretion of glucose, triglycerides, and ketone bodies( carbohydrate/lipid metabolism)
(liver keeps balance of blood glucose by removing glucose and storing it as glycogen (glycogenesis) and triglycerides (lipogenesis) Liver can also make glucose from amino acids gluconeogenesis)and convert fatty acids into ketones(ketogenesis)
5. Production of plasma protein (protein synthesis)
plasma albumin and most plasma globulins, clotting factors (I, II,V,VII,IX,XI) and angiotensinogen are produced in the liver

80
Q

functions of globulins

A

transport of cholesterol and triglycerides, transport of steroid and thyroid hormones, inhibition of trypsin(breaks down proteins in duodenum ) activity and blood clotting

81
Q

bile is composed of

A

bile pigment (bilirubin)-enterohepatic circulation (recirculate between the liver and intestine)
bile salts -emulsification of fats
phospholipids (lecithin)
cholesterol
inorganic ions

82
Q

In the ____- are the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery proper and common bile duct

A

porta hepatitis

83
Q

gallbladder functions

A

store and modify bile
if it gets filled up water is removed and it becomes more concentrated

84
Q

Pathway of bile

A

liver—>bile ducts—>common hepatic duct—>cystic duct—>gallbladder—>cystic duct—>common bile duct—>sphincter of oddi

85
Q

common bile duct connects to sphincter of oddi which only opens in the presence of _______ and _____. When bile backs up it is stored in gallbladder when chyme passes from stomach to duodenum this causes _____- cells to release CCK AND secretin inhibiting stomach contractions preventing more chyme from being released and stimulating contraction of smooth muscle in _____-

A

chyme +CCK
enteroendocrine cells
gallbladder

86
Q

Pancreas is in _____ _____ quadrant behind the _____. Its 3 parts consist of ____. Has both functions —

A

left upper;stomach
head, body, tail
endocrine exocrine

87
Q

describe the endocrine and exocrine functions of pancreas

A

endocrine: islets of langerhans cells (pancreatic islets) make insulin and glucagon
exocrine: acinar cells (pancreatic acini) make pancreatic juice which is delivered to the duodenum via the pancreatic duct

88
Q

pancreatic juice composition and functions

A

a lot of water, bicarbonate, 20 digestive enzymes, that can digest lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins,

89
Q

why are digestive enzymes released as zymogens

A

to prevent auto digestion of pancreas

90
Q

List if pancreatic enzyme has zymogen, activator and name action
trypsin
phospholipase
lipase
amylase
ribonuclease
deoxyribonuclease

A
  1. trypsin; trypsinogen;enterokinase; cleaves internal peptide bonds
  2. phospholipase;prophospholipase; trypsin; cleaves fatty acids from phospholipids such as lecithin
  3. lipase; none;none; cleaves fatty acids from glycerol
  4. amylase; none;none; digests starch to maltose and short chains of glucose
    5.ribonuclease; none;none; cleaves RNA to form short chains
    6.deoxyribnuclease; none;none; cleaves DNA to form short chains
91
Q

pancreatic enzymes are inactive until they reach ______. ______ activates trypsinogen to trypsin to digest ______. Trypsin activates other enzymes

A

SI
enterkinase;proteins

Anatomy/Physiology 3 (6 decks)

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