Respiratory System Flashcards
Name the structures in the Upper Respiratory tract
Paranasal sinuses
Nasal Conchae
nose
nasal cavity
nasopharynx
Name the structures in the lower respiratory tract
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
bronchioles
What type of cells secrete pleura?
Simple squamous cells
What happens when someone experiences a pneumothorax?
This happens because air entered the pleura which causes the lungs to detach from the ribs
i.e. a collapsed lung
Cleans and warms inhaled air
Protects cells from dehydration
Made up of__ except ____
The conducting zone
everything but the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs
Ciliated mucous lines the conducting zone, ____ ciliated ____ line conducting zone except for ___ and ____
These are lines with ____ _____
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
the oral and laryngeal pharynx
stratified squamous
The pharynx is broken up into what parts __,__,__
nasal, oral and laryngeal
Coughing happens because of the nerve endings in the ____. ____ help move the foreign objects up the trachea.
carina. cilia
What is the pathway of air?
Nostrils
nasal vestibule
nasal cavity
nasal conchae
posterior nasal aperture
pharynx
larynx
trachea
left and right bronchi
Nasal septum, perpendicular plate and hyaline cartilage separate what?
separates the nasal cavity into right and left
Pathogens get stuck in the mucous, it humidifies air, creates turbulence and it allows for one to smell better
nasal conchae
__ and ___ make up the hard palate
maxilla and palatine bone
soft palate
Separates the nasal and oral cavity
closes the nasal passage when eating
hyoid bone dictates the start of ____
laryngealpharynx
larynx
voice box/chord which sits behind the adams apple or “laryngeal prominence”
epiglottis, thyroid, and cricoid cartilage
What is the difference between vocal and vestibular folds?
Vocal fold are considered to be the true ones because theses are the ones that make sound
Vestibular folds can’t create sound because not elastic enough and they close the glottis.
Tracheostomys take place where and what is it
“smokers tube”
in the criocoid thyroid ligament
it helps get air into the lungs by an making an opening in the trachea
When vocal fold are open, it creates a ___ voice, if they’re closed then it creates a ____ ____ voice
Deep
high pitch
What do the intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscle do?
Intrinsic muscles regulate tension in vocal chords, and opening of glottis
extrinsic connects the larynx to nearby structures
What is the Valsalva maneuver
blowing air with your nose closed
the vestibule fold prevents air from escaping which causes pressure in abdomen
this helps with pooping, lighting weights and delivery of child
What causes the epiglottis to close?
the hyoid bone is pulled down while larynx moves up
hyaline cartilage, avascular weaker
esophagus is posterior
pseudostratified ciliated columnar lines the thing
___ muscle, and ___ closes the rings
trachea
smooth muscle and trachialis
branching of the bronchus
the more branching, the less ___ ____ and the more of ____ tissue, and ____ muscle
bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, then sacs
hyaline cartilage
elastic tissue
smooth muslce
Type 1 alveolar cells vs type 2
Type 1 are simple squamous and type two secrete surfactant, which
reduces surface tension
doesn’t allow alveoli to collapse
more concentrated as alveoli get smallervcb
Emphysema
chronic degradation of lungs, which will affect flow of air and blood
caused by expose to pollution or smoking
people can also have chronic bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis
inflammation and excess mucus in bronchial tubes
Asthma
tightening of the smooth muscle in conducting airways
inflammation
shortness of breath
gas exchange depends on what
partial pressure differences
large SA
small diffusion distance across respiratory membrane
O2 and CO2 diffuse from __ to __ partial pressures
high to low
Name the control centers of breathing and what they do
medulla and pons which contain chemoreceptors that sense pH and CO2 concentration
pons-regulates actual breathing (ventilation rate)
medulla-signals muscles
INVOLUNTARY
High CO2 causes ___ pH;
Low CO2 causes ___ pH;
low, and high
Acidosis, Alkalosis, and how it affects respiration rate
it’s decreased blood pH and will increase respiration rate (hyperventilation)
increased blood pH and decreases respiration rate
__ and ___ affect hemoglobins affinity for oxygen
pH and CO2 concentration
even temperature
if there is a low level of blood pH how does it affect the curve and affinity
low pH lowers affinity for o2 and curve will shift right
Tidal Volume (calm waves)
amount of air exhaled or inhaled during quiet breathing
expiratory reserve volume
air that can be forced out after tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume
residual volume
amount of air left in lungs lungs after max expiration
vital capacity
max amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after max inhalation
IRV+ERV+TV
total lung capacity
amount of gas in lungs after max inspirtion
vital capacity + residual vol
inspiratory capacity
amount of gas that can be inspired after normal expiration
total lung-functional residual capacity (RV+ ERV)
IRV+TV
Functional residual capacity
amount of air left in lungs after normal expiration
RV+ERV
Spirometer/gram and Barometer
spirometer measures respiratory volumes by breathing in and out of a machine the record volume and frequency
while barometer measures atmospheric pressure
which muscles raises ribcage during inspiration
which muscles lowers ribcage during expiration
(forcefully)
external intercostal
internal intercostal
1.these are specific glycoproteins in membrane of RBC and what two are used to type blood
2. y-shpaed immune system proteins that are produced because of a foreign antigen
1.Antigens
ABO system and Rh system
2.antibodies
agglutination
clumping of RBC
antibody is mixed with corresponding antigen and phagocytizes it
happens when theres an incompatible blood transfusion because antibodies in recipient plasma binds to the antigen in donor blood
When are anti a, and rh antibodies produced?
Anti A and B are produced after expose to Rh antigen
Anti Rh are produced during blood transfusion or pregnancy
magic breath, effect of co2 on pH
Phenolphthalein is the indicator
pink means basic >8.3
clear means acidic <8.3
Negatives can ONLY receive from the same negative antigen and O
Negatives can donate to anyone who has the antigen present (+/-)
Positives can receive from same antigen (+/-) and O
Positives can donate to only positive who has antigen present
Universal donor
Universal Recipient
O- (con: can only receive from O-)
AB+ (can only donate to AB+)
