Endocrine System Flashcards
Only ___ cells can respond to a hormone because they have specific _____ proteins that bind to the hormone like ______
target; receptor
lock and key
Nervous system and endocrine system both use chemical signals but nervous uses ___ and endocrine uses _____. ______ system is faster because the ____ system takes time to deliver hormones and for cells to respond.
Overall, _____ system’s effects are _____, but long lasting
Both system use _____ feedback mechanisms.
neurotransmitters ;hormones
nervous; endocrine
endocrine; slower; long lasting
negative
Hormones and neurotransmitters both interact with _____ receptors. Binding to a receptor causes a specific sequence of ____ within the recipient/target cell. There are mechanisms to turn off target cell activity; the signal is either ____ or ____. Some hormones can also be ____ in the CNS.
specific
changes
rapidly removed or chemically inactivated of regulator molecules
neurotransmitters
The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the ______. The anterior lobe (_____) of the pituitary gland is _____ epithelium divided into the ______ and _____. The posterior lobe (______)consists of the _____ pituitary which is ______ tissue and also called ______
infundibulum
adenohypophysis
glandular
pars distalis and pars tuberalis
neurohypophysis
nervous; pars nervosa
Posterior pituitary is controlled by _____ connection. ___ and _____ are transported along the hypothalamo-hypophyseal ____ to the _______ pituitary gland, where they are stored. Anterior pituitary is _____ network . Hypothalamus producing ____ hormones and _____ hormones that are transported along the ______ to the anterior pituitary to regulate the ____ of pituitary hormones.
neuronal
ADH; oxytocin
tract; posterior
releasing; inhibiting
adenohypophysis; secretion
The anterior pituitary is controlled via releasing/inhibiting hormones transmitted through the _______
hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
Name the releasing and inhibiting hormones
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Gonadtropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Somatostatin-inhibit GH secretion
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary are ____ hormones, this term is used because high concentrations of these hormones cause target hormones to hypertrophy while low levels cause atrophy. The hormones are ______
trophic
growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)- in the male, it is interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone: target tissue; actions; regulation of secretion
adrenal cortex; stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids; stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH); inhibited by glucocorticoids
thyroid-stimulating hormone: target tissue; actions; regulation of secretion
thyroid gland; stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones; stimulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone(TRH); inhibited by thyrotropin inhibiting hormone (TIH)
growth hormone: target tissue; actions; regulation of secretion
most tissue; promotes protein synthesis and growth; lipolysis and increased blood glucose; inhibited by somatostatin; stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
follicle stimulating hormone: target tissue; actions; regulation of secretion
gonads; promotes gamete production and stimulates estrogen production in females; stimulated by gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) inhibited by sex steroids and inhibin
prolactin: target tissue; actions; regulation of secretion
mammary glands and other sex accessory organs; milk production, additional actions in other organs; inhibited by PIH prolactin inhibiting hormone
luteinizing hormone: target tissue; actions; regulation of secretion
gonads; stimulates sex hormone secretion; ovulation and corpus lute formation; stimulates testosterone in males; stimulated by GnRH; inhibited by sex steroids
Anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH, TSH, and the gonatropins (FSH and LH) is controlled by ______ feedback inhibition. The final product regulates the secretion of pituitary hormones
negative
Inhibition of hormone secretion can occur at the _______ or _____ level. The ____ inhibits response to hypothalamic hormones. ______ inhibits secretion of releasing hormones
hypothalamus; pituitary gland
pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
The relationship between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and the target tissue is called______.
axis
Posterior pituitary releases_____ AND _____. They are produced by the _____ and ____ nuclei of the hypothalamus. They are transported along axons on the ______ to the posterior pituitary where they are stored. Release is controlled by ______ reflexes. ADH is stimulated by increased in ______. Oxytocin is stimulated during ____ and after _____
ADH AND OXYTOCIN
supraoptic and paraventricular nnuclei
hypothalami-hypophyseal tract
neuroendocrine reflexes
blood osmolality
cervical stretch during labor and suckling after labor
Pancreas has endocrine cells located in _______. _______ cells produce _____ while _____ cells produce ______.
pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans)
alpha cells; glucagon
beta cells; insulin
insulin is primary hormone regulating ______ concentration.
insulin is secreted by ____ when blood glucose levels rise after a sugary or carbohydrate meal
It indirectly stimulates the enzyme ______ synthase in liver and skeletal cells to promote ______ storage.
Stimulates ____ tissue to store fat
plasma glucose
beta
glycogen
sugar
adipose
Glucagon is _____ to insulin. It is secreted by ____ when glucose levels are _____.
Purpose is to ______ glucose levels to normal levels
stimulates liver to ______ glycogen into glucose and releases it into blood
stimulates _______, conversion noncarbohydrate into glucose
Stimulates _____ in adipose tissue so fat is released and used as fuel source instead of glucose.
antagonistic
beta; low
raise
hydrolyze
gluconeogenesis
lipolysis
