Endocrine System

Question 1

Only ___ cells can respond to a hormone because they have specific _____ proteins that bind to the hormone like ______

Answer 1

target; receptor
lock and key

Question 2

Nervous system and endocrine system both use chemical signals but nervous uses ___ and endocrine uses _____. ______ system is faster because the ____ system takes time to deliver hormones and for cells to respond.
Overall, _____ system’s effects are _____, but long lasting
Both system use _____ feedback mechanisms.

Answer 2

neurotransmitters ;hormones
nervous; endocrine
endocrine; slower; long lasting
negative

Question 3

Hormones and neurotransmitters both interact with _____ receptors. Binding to a receptor causes a specific sequence of ____ within the recipient/target cell. There are mechanisms to turn off target cell activity; the signal is either ____ or ____. Some hormones can also be ____ in the CNS.

Answer 3

specific
changes
rapidly removed or chemically inactivated of regulator molecules
neurotransmitters

Question 4

The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the ______. The anterior lobe (_____) of the pituitary gland is _____ epithelium divided into the ______ and _____. The posterior lobe (______)consists of the _____ pituitary which is ______ tissue and also called ______

Answer 4

infundibulum
adenohypophysis
glandular
pars distalis and pars tuberalis
neurohypophysis
nervous; pars nervosa

Question 5

Posterior pituitary is controlled by _____ connection. ___ and _____ are transported along the hypothalamo-hypophyseal ____ to the _______ pituitary gland, where they are stored. Anterior pituitary is _____ network . Hypothalamus producing ____ hormones and _____ hormones that are transported along the ______ to the anterior pituitary to regulate the ____ of pituitary hormones.

Answer 5

neuronal
ADH; oxytocin
tract; posterior
releasing; inhibiting
adenohypophysis; secretion

Question 6

The anterior pituitary is controlled via releasing/inhibiting hormones transmitted through the _______

Answer 6

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Question 7

Name the releasing and inhibiting hormones

Answer 7

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Gonadtropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Somatostatin-inhibit GH secretion
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Question 8

Secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary are ____ hormones, this term is used because high concentrations of these hormones cause target hormones to hypertrophy while low levels cause atrophy. The hormones are ______

Answer 8

trophic
growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)- in the male, it is interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)
Prolactin (PRL)

Question 9

Adrenocorticotropic hormone: target tissue; actions; regulation of secretion

Answer 9

adrenal cortex; stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids; stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH); inhibited by glucocorticoids

Question 10

thyroid-stimulating hormone: target tissue; actions; regulation of secretion

Answer 10

thyroid gland; stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones; stimulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone(TRH); inhibited by thyrotropin inhibiting hormone (TIH)

Question 11

growth hormone: target tissue; actions; regulation of secretion

Answer 11

most tissue; promotes protein synthesis and growth; lipolysis and increased blood glucose; inhibited by somatostatin; stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Question 12

follicle stimulating hormone: target tissue; actions; regulation of secretion

Answer 12

gonads; promotes gamete production and stimulates estrogen production in females; stimulated by gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) inhibited by sex steroids and inhibin

Question 13

prolactin: target tissue; actions; regulation of secretion

Answer 13

mammary glands and other sex accessory organs; milk production, additional actions in other organs; inhibited by PIH prolactin inhibiting hormone

Question 14

luteinizing hormone: target tissue; actions; regulation of secretion

Answer 14

gonads; stimulates sex hormone secretion; ovulation and corpus lute formation; stimulates testosterone in males; stimulated by GnRH; inhibited by sex steroids

Question 15

Anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH, TSH, and the gonatropins (FSH and LH) is controlled by ______ feedback inhibition. The final product regulates the secretion of pituitary hormones

Answer 15

negative

Question 16

Inhibition of hormone secretion can occur at the _______ or _____ level. The ____ inhibits response to hypothalamic hormones. ______ inhibits secretion of releasing hormones

Answer 16

hypothalamus; pituitary gland
pituitary gland
Hypothalamus

Question 17

The relationship between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and the target tissue is called______.

Answer 17

axis

Question 18

Posterior pituitary releases_____ AND _____. They are produced by the _____ and ____ nuclei of the hypothalamus. They are transported along axons on the ______ to the posterior pituitary where they are stored. Release is controlled by ______ reflexes. ADH is stimulated by increased in ______. Oxytocin is stimulated during ____ and after _____

Answer 18

ADH AND OXYTOCIN
supraoptic and paraventricular nnuclei
hypothalami-hypophyseal tract
neuroendocrine reflexes
blood osmolality
cervical stretch during labor and suckling after labor

Question 19

Pancreas has endocrine cells located in _______. _______ cells produce _____ while _____ cells produce ______.

Answer 19

pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans)
alpha cells; glucagon
beta cells; insulin

Question 20

insulin is primary hormone regulating ______ concentration.
insulin is secreted by ____ when blood glucose levels rise after a sugary or carbohydrate meal
It indirectly stimulates the enzyme ______ synthase in liver and skeletal cells to promote ______ storage.
Stimulates ____ tissue to store fat

Answer 20

plasma glucose
beta
glycogen
sugar
adipose

Question 21

Glucagon is _____ to insulin. It is secreted by ____ when glucose levels are _____.
Purpose is to ______ glucose levels to normal levels
stimulates liver to ______ glycogen into glucose and releases it into blood
stimulates _______, conversion noncarbohydrate into glucose
Stimulates _____ in adipose tissue so fat is released and used as fuel source instead of glucose.

Answer 21

antagonistic
beta; low
raise
hydrolyze
gluconeogenesis
lipolysis