Reproductive System Flashcards
What are gonads? and specific the ones for female and male?
produce gametes/sex hormones
female-ovary
male- testis , secrete testosterone and inhibin
how many sperm cells do males produce , how do they travel and
after ___ males produce sperm cells every day and become ___
1/2 billion
travel through semen
puberty, active
Seminal gland
posterior to bladder
produces 60% of semen, has high concentration of fructose (energy), prostaglandins, and clotting protein ( coagulates semen)
alkaline to neutralize urethra and vagina
Prostate gland
inferior to bladder
20-30% of semen production
has citric acid, antibiotic which prevents UTI.
activates sperm
prosthetic specific antigen-enzyme that liquifies semen
Transports sperm cells from epididymis to the seminal gland and is a muscular tube
vas deferens
membranous urethra passes thru ___ which is band of skeletal muscle preventing urine/ sperm from leaving
external urethral sphincter
corpus spongiosum forms ___ of penis connecting to
c. cavernous forms ___ connecting to
bulb, bulbospongiosus
crus, ischiocavernosus
What is responsible for an erection? and ejaculation?
ischiocavernous ,parasympathetic system
bulbospongiosus, sympathetic
bulbourethral gland
female equal?
base of penis
makes up 5% of semen and lubricates tip of penis and urethra
thick and sticky
greater vestibular gland
____ connects testes to scrotum
how long is it?
gubernaculum
5 mm
___ and ___ muscle are apart of the scrotum
dartos and cremaster muscle
dartos is a smooth muscle that wrinkles the skin to reduce SA
cremaster brings testes closer to the body , part of spermatic chord
scrotum
has 2 cavities with each one test
skin ->dartos->cremaster->tunica vaginalis->tunica albuginea
What happens to sperm that stayed too long in epididymis?
it’s reabsorbed into the immune system
Spermatic cord
This includes the testes, epididymis, cremaster and testicular artery
has autonomic nerve that have sensory and motor functions
____ plexus surround testicular artery and does what with the arterial blood
pampiniform plexus
theres a heat exchange between the HOT arterial blood and COOL venous blood
Scrotal chamber is connected to pelvic cavity by ___ ___. there are two parts to this strucutre
inguinal canal
superficial , marks the end , and deep inguinal ring, marks the entrance
these structures make hernia reach the scrotum easier
Tunica vaginalis vs tunica albuginea
1.serous membrane
2.fibrous tissue covering testis, divides testes into septa then lobules which have seminiferous tubules
mediastinum connects the ___ to the ___ which is made up by ___ ____, ___ ____.
testes to epididymis
made up by rete testis, and efferent ductules
seminiferous tubules
has stem cells that give rise to sperm cell(spematogenia), process is called spermatogenosis
@puberty, testorone levels ___ bc of interstitial endocrine cells which stimulates ____
before puberty, sperm is seen as what?
increase , spermatogonesis
foreign
Nurse , sertoli or ____ cells
do what?
promotes what?
sustentacular
nourishes sperm cells, produce fluid for transport
held together by tight junctions, creates blood-testis barrier
secrete inhibit and ABP
stimulated by sex hormone (testosterone)
promotes division of spermatogonia
Structure of sperm
head- has 23 chromosomes and acrosome, which has digestive enzyme for wall of oocyte (fertilization)
body-mitochondria
tail- propels to move
Sperm are functionally mature when ?
When do sperm start moving and when do they move rapidly ?
they go under capacitation, can fertilize egg, in the female body
they start moving when they touch sperm, and move fast with secretions from woman’s body
epididymis
has tails body and head
tail connects to vas deferens, while head connects to efferent ductules
lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereo cilia which increases SA for absorption/secretion
____ of vas deferens and excretory duct of ____ gland form ejaculatory duct?
ampulla
seminal
erectile tissue is made up of what
male and female
c.spongiosum and 2 layers of cavernosum
clitoris
glans
made up of c.spongiosum and covered by the prepuce “foreskin”
during erection there is an ___ in inflow of blood and ___ in outflow
___ veins , ____ , and ____ constrict so that blood doesnt leaving during erections
increase, decrease
dorsal veins, ishiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus (moves semen/urine out)
erection is triggered by ____ activity which stimulates _____, increase in ___ ___, and decrease in _____
ejaculation is triggereby ____ activity which stimulates contraction in ___ and __ __
parasympathetic , vasodialtion, blood flow, resistance
sympathetic, epididymis, ductus deferens
Labia majora/minora
has adipose tissue, equal to the scrotum in male
surrounds clitoris and forms prepuce
broad ligament
encloses the ovaries , tubes, and uterus
continuous with peritoneum and subdivides pelvic cavity
What ligament suspend the uterus?
Uterosacral, round , and cardinal ligament
____ ligament, ____, and ____ ligament support the ovaries
suspensory, mesovarium, and ovarian
suspensory ligament
holds ovary to wall
contains major blood vessels like the ovarian artery and vein which enter the ovary through the ovarian hilum (near mesovarium)
___ ligament prevents anterior movement of uterus
___ liga prevents posterior movement
___ liga prevents inferior movement
uterosacral
round
Cardinal
Name the five regions that make up the uterine tubes in order
fimbrae, infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus (opens to uterus)
difference between what happens during egg topic pregnancy and just a normal egg that fell
fertilized egg gets implanted on outside of uterus while the normal egg will get digested by immune cells and reabsorbed.
Name the layers that surround an ovary
two layers called the cortex and medulla
Cortex vs medulla
within cortex theres the germinal epithelium , made up of simple cuboidal cells, this surround the fibrous tunica albuginea , primordial follicles are found here
medulla is where you find blood vessels
within primordial follicles, you find ____ ____ . these are what develop during ___ ____
___ ___ and ___ ___ develop into larger follicles
primary oocytes
fetal development
primordial follicles and primary oocytes
name three cycles in female
Oogenesis -production of female gametes
Uterine cycle - prepares uterus for implantation
Ovarian cycle- development of ovarian follicles
how do oogenesis and ovarian cycle relate?
oogenesis
oogonia (stem cells) which will produce primary oocytes -> secondary oocytes
the ovarian cycles is the maturation of the follicles/oocytes
they occur simultaneously
when do primary oocytes mature into secondary? before that what stage did it stop at?
@ puberty when FSH from pituitary initiates ovarian cycle
its at prophase I until puberty
Ovarian cycle
Follicular phase
started by FSH primary -> secondary -> grafian follicles
Ovulation (technically not a phase )
graf follicle bulges out of ovarian wall, releasing estrogen and increase in LH . fimbrae picks up egg
Luteal Phase
ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum due to LH. this will secrete estrogen and progesterone, inhibiting FSH and LH
if not fertilized, luteum turns into c.albicans dropping estrogen, progesterone and inhibit levels
histology of tubes
ciliated and nonciliated columnar cells \
smooth muscle
combination of this moves oocyte
after __ - __ hours fertilization occurs after ovulation
happens in the ___ of tubes
12-24 hours
ampulla
name three main regions of uterus
fundus, body, cervix
@ entrance of cervical canal, theres ___ ___, which leads to canal , then theres the ___ ___ deep in the body of uterus
external os
internal os
what plugs the cervical canal and protects it from bacteria
mucous
layers of uterus
endometrium -nourishes the egg by growing in thickness, site of implantation
myometrium- thick layer of smooth muscle that protects embryo , under ANS and oxytocin control
perimetrium- thick connective tissue protects uterus
endometrium has __ ____ epithelium ,__ and __ layer , and ___ glands
simple columnar , functional and basal, uterine
functional vs basal lyer
grows/sheds during uterine cycle lines uterus, grows new blood vessels, when it sheds its because the vessels constrict leaving no nutrients.
basal is next myometrium
Uterine cycle
Menstrual phase -shedding of endometrium due to low levels of pro and estrogerone, contrisction of vessels . 1-7 days ,pain due to myometrium
proliferative-inc levels of estrogen stimulates endometrial lining to grow, preparing for next implantation
secretory phase- pro and estrogen stimulate endometrial glands to grow , read for implantation, endometrium at thickest
vagina
hold spermatozoa before it reaches uterus
passageway for elimination
has bacteria that create acidity reducing growth of bad bacteria and reduces sperm motility
stratified squamous epithelium
lamina propia is thick and elastic
External genitalia
vulva
vestibule- opening of vagina; lubricated by vestibule glands
clitoris
labia major and mons pubis
Areola has glands that are associated with
body odor
mammary glands
divided into lobules which produce milk due to hormones
list flow of milk
lobes - milk- lactiferous ducts - becomes lactiferous sinus - nipple
oxytocin vs prolactin
stimulations secretion of milk , birth contraction
stimulates production of milk
breasts
supported by suspenory ligaments to the pectoralis major
made of adipose tissue
parasympatchetic activyt in women
clictorial erection and causes enlargement of vessels in breast
release of ___ from pituitary leads to growth of ___ ____. the growing leads to release of ___. with sufficient levels of ___, ___ phase starts. high concentration of ____ leads to release of __, leading to o____. day 14 is the start of ovulation and of ____ phase which is marked by thickening of endometrium. __ stimulates corpus luteum which will produce ____ . if not fertilization luteum turns into albicans.
FSH, primordial follicles, estrogen,estrogen, proliferative, LH, ovulation,secretoary, LH ,progesterone,
Spermatogogenesis
mitosis- ____ differentiates into primary ____
1 ____ gives rise to 4 ____
meiosis I: ___ ____ forms 2 haploid ___ ___
meiosis II - ___ ___ forms 4 ___
Spermiogenesis
sperm are produced in s tubules
spermatogonium, spermatocytes X2
primary spermatocyte, secondary spematocyte
secondary spermatocyte, spermatids
final stage of spermatogenesis; maturation of spermatids into sperm/ spermatozoon
leydig (interstitial cell)
clustered in interstitial spaces in s tubules
secrete testosterone
male reproductive hormones
GnRH- secreted by hypothalamus which stimulates FSH and LH
FSH- secreted by anterior pituitary, indirectly stimulates sperm production. fsh and testosterone act on nurse cells to stimulate abp
lh- stimulates secretion of testosterone from leydig
inhibin- decreases fsh
how does increasing levels of testosterone affect anterior pituitary gland? what stimulatory feedback does it have?
negative feedback which will inhibit release of fsh and lh
stimulatory effect on sustentaculler cells and development of reductive organ
___ from hypothalamus stimulates ___ and ___. __ stimulates ___. ___ stimulus s tubules to increase spermatogenesis and to secrete ___. both ___ nd __ has negative feed back on fsh secretion.
GnRH, Fsh and LH. LH , testosterone. fsh, inhibin and testo.
primary oocytes complete ___
secondary oocyte begins in ___ and are arrested at ____ until fertilization
meiosis I
Meiosis II , metaphase II
positive feed back of ovulation
high levels of estrogen stimulate GnRH and LH
GNrh promotes FSH and more lH
LH surge bring about about ovulation
estrogen
development and maintenance of female structure; strong bones; thickens uterine lining
secreted by follicle and luteum
inhibin
inhibits fsh after ovulation
released by follicle and luteum
relaxin
inhibits contractions of uterus if low levels
high levels increases flexibility of public symphysis nd dilates cervix
corpus luteum and placenta
hCG
maintains c.luteum until placenta takes over
high amounts of this is released in moms pee
pregnancy tests measures this hormone
embryo and placenta
The virus that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4
cells, is known as the ________ and it eventually leads to ____________, a condition in which the infected person has a CD4 cell count less than 200 cells/mm3.
HIV, AIDS
STD, also known as “the clap,” caused by bacteria; the clap is a euphemism for ______________ because of the theory that men with this STD would slap both hands forcefully on both sides of their genitalia to expel pus and cure the infection.
GONORRHEA
This disease is caused by HSV and causes itching, patching, ulcers, and scabs in the genitalia. _____________
HERPES
This common STD is caused by an infection with a protozoan parasite with the species name of vaginalis and is called _________________.
trichomoniasis
This disease can be transmitted via skin- to-skin contact or by sexual exposure but in women it has been shown to cause cervical cancer. _____________
HPV
Humans infected by the bacteria Treponema pallidum suffer from symptoms that consist of small PAINLESS ulcers on the genitals or around mouth area, this infection is known as _______________.
syphilis
When a patient who is sick comes after contracting this STD, they have symptoms of yellowing eyes, abdominal pain, and dark urine. This patient has some scarring in their liver. They have __________.
hepatitis
This STI primarily manifests as urethritis in men and endocervicitis in females; this bacterial species is known as trachomatis; this disease is known as _____________.
chlamydia
