Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anaphy > URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of the Urinary system

A

• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Urinary bladder
• Urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of the Urinary System

A

• Elimination of waste products (nitrogenous waste, toxins and drugs)

• Regulate aspects of
homeostasis (water balance, electrolytes, acid-based balance, blood pressure, RBC production and activation of vit. D)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

• Retroperitoneal bean-shaped organ in superior lumbar region
• Extends from vertebral levels T12 superiorly and L3 inferiorly
• Coverings: (from innermost to outermost)
• Renal capsule
• Perirenal fat
• Renal fascia

A

kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Regions of the kidney

A

renal cortex, medulla, and pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

outer region

A

renal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

inside the cortex

A

renal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

inner collecting tube

A

Renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Kidney Structures

A

Medullary pyramids, Renal columns and calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

triangular regions of tissue in the medulla

A

Medullary pyramids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

extensions of cortex-like
material inward

A

Renal columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cup-shaped structures that funnel
urine towards the renal pelvis

A

calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

• Functional units of kidney
• 1-1.5 million

A

nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

2 types of nephron

A

Cortical and Juxtamedullary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

➢Removal of waste and reabsorption of
nutrients

A

cortical (85%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Concentration
of urine

A

Juxtamedullary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Parts of Nephron

A

Glomerulus
Renal Tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

a high-pressure tuft of capillaries with openings
• Attached to
arterioles on both sides
• Large afferent arteriole
• Narrow efferent arteriole

A

Glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

• Bowman’s capsule
• Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
• Loop of Henle
• Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

A

Renal Tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Layers of Bowman’s capsule

A

Outer parietal layer and Inner visceral layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

composed of simple
squamous epithelium

A

Outer parietal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

composed of branching
podocytes which cling to the glomerulus

A

Inner visceral layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

• Arise from efferent arteriole of the glomerulus
• Cling close to the renal tubule
• Reabsorb some substances from collecting tubes

A

Peritubular Capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

glomerulus plus the Bowman’s
capsule

A

Renal / Malphigian Corpuscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

consists of juxtaglomerular cells of the
afferent arteriole and the macula densa of the DCT

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Mechanism of Urine Formation

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

• Involves passing the blood through layers of filtration barrier which
includes:
• Glomerular endothelial cell
• Basement membrane
• Epithelial cells of Bowman’s capsule
• Nonselective passive process
• Filtrate is collected in the glomerular capsule and leaves via the
renal tubule

A

Glomerular Filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Factors Affecting Filtration Process

A
  1. Cellular structure of the capillaries and the
    Bowman’s capsule
  2. Glomerular Pressure
  3. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

3 types of Glomerular Filtration

A

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Glomerular osmotic pressure
Capsular hydrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Chief force pushing water and solute across the filtration membrane

A

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Opposes filtration

A

Glomerular osmotic pressure

31
Q

Opposes filtration; force exerted by the fluid in the Bowman’s capsule

A

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

32
Q

Force responsible for filtrate formation
NFP = glomerular hydrostatic pressure – (osmotic + capsular hydrostatic)

A

Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)

33
Q

Concerned with conservation of solutes
• Reabsorption Mechanism:
• Active Transport
• Passive Transport
• Gradients

A

Tubular Reabsorption

34
Q

• Controls the concentration process
• Production is determined by the state of body hydration.
↑Body Hydration = ↓ADH = ↑Urine Volume
↓Body Hydration = ↑ADH = ↓Urine Volume

A

Vasopressin/ADH

35
Q

• the passage of substances from the blood in the peritubular capillaries to
the tubular filtrate
• two major functions:
✓Elimination of waste products not filtered by the glomerulus
✓Regulation of the acid-base balance in the body through the secretion of
hydrogen ions

A

Tubular Secretion

36
Q

• 25-30cm slender muscular tube that conveys urine, through peristalsis, from the
kidneys to the urinary bladder
• Runs behind the peritoneum
• Anatomical constrictions of the Ureter where stones can be arrested
• Ureteropelvic junction
• Bifurcation of common iliac vessels near the pelvic brim
• Vesico-ureteral junction

A

ureter

37
Q

• A smooth, distensible muscular sac, lying posterior to the pubic
symphysis
• Storage of urine
• Trigone – three openings
• Two from the ureters
• One to the urethra

A

Urinary bladder

38
Q

• Three layers of smooth muscle (detrusor muscle)
• Mucosa made of transitional epithelium
• Walls are thick and folded in an empty bladder
• Bladder can expand significantly without increasing internal
pressure

A

Urinary Bladder Wall

39
Q

• Thin-walled muscular tube draining urine from the urinary bladder to
the body exterior
• Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters
• Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)
• External urethral sphincter (voluntary)

A

Urethra

40
Q

Length
• Females – 3–4 cm (1 inch)
• Males – 20 cm (8 inches)
• Location
• Females – along wall of the vagina
• Males – through the prostate and penis

Urethra Gender Differences

A

true

41
Q

• A process of emptying the bladder
• Both sphincter muscles must open to allow voiding
• The internal urethral sphincter is relaxed after stretching of the bladder
• Activation is from an impulse sent to the spinal cord and then back via the pelvic
splanchnic nerves
• The external urethral sphincter must be voluntarily relaxed

A

Micturition (Urination)

42
Q

Renal Function Tests

CLEARANCE TESTS
Specimen:
1. Urea clearance
2. Creatinine clearance
3. Inulin clearance
4. β2-microglobulin
5. Radioisotopes

A

Glomerular Filtration Tests

43
Q

• Requirements:
• 24-hour urine
• Serum
• Unit: ml/min
• C= UV/P
V (ml/min) = ml (actual collected sample)
no. minutes (collection)

A

Glomerular Filtration Tests

44
Q
  1. Specific Gravity
  2. Mosenthal Concentration Test
  3. Fishberg Concentration Test
  4. Osmolarity
A

Tubular Reabsorption Tests

45
Q

Tubular Secretion and Renal Blood Flow Tests

A

Titratable Acidity and Urinary Ammonia
p-aminohippuric acid (PAH)

46
Q

✓use a substance that is completely removed from the blood
✓Disadvantage →
✓ Exogenous

A

p-aminohippuric acid (PAH)

47
Q

• H+
• NH3
• cells of DCT
• NV: approx 70 mEq/day
• Alkaline tides (diurnal variation):
• Post prandial → 2pm / 8pm
• Lowest pH: night

A

Titratable Acidity and Urinary Ammonia

48
Q

Kidneys are unable to do its physiologic functions such as concentrating urine,
removal of wastes and maintaining electrolytes and pH balance of the body
• Causes: drugs, toxic chemicals, infections, hypertension, DM., etc.

A

renal failure

49
Q

• Normal amount of water in the human body
• Young adult females – 50%
• Young adult males – 60%
• Babies – 75%
• Old age – 45%
• Water is necessary for many body functions
and levels must be maintained

A

Maintaining Water Balance

50
Q

in Distribution of Body Fluid • Intracellular fluid (inside cells)
• Extracellular fluid (outside cells)
• Interstitial fluid
• Blood plasma

A

true

51
Q

2 types of Fluid Exchange

A

Hydrostatic pressure and Osmotic pressure

52
Q

pressure which tends to push fluid out of the
intravascular component

A

Hydrostatic pressure

53
Q

pressure exerted by the solutes which tend to attract water

A

Osmotic pressure

54
Q

• Changes in electrolyte balance causes water to move from one
compartment to another
• Alters blood volume and blood pressure
• Can impair the activity of cells

A

The Link Between Water and Salt

55
Q

in Maintaining Water Balance • Water intake must equal water output
• Sources for water intake
• Ingested foods and fluids
• Water produced from metabolic processes
• Sources for water output
• Vaporization out of the lungs
• Lost in perspiration
• Leaves the body in the feces
• Urine production

A

true

56
Q

Disorders of water balance

A

Dehydration, Edema

57
Q

• Occurs when water loss exceeds water intake
• Manifested as thirst, dry skin and decreased urine output

A

Dehydration

58
Q

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space
• May be secondary to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased in osmotic pressure or
lymphatic obstruction

A

Edema

59
Q

Regulation is primarily by hormones
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevents excessive water loss in urine
• Aldosterone regulates sodium ion content of extracellular fluid

A

true

60
Q

Released by cells in the atria of heart to increase BP

A

Atrial Natriuretic Factor

61
Q

Cells in the kidneys and hypothalamus are active monitors

A

true

62
Q

due to its chemical similarity with aldosterone (increases Na
reabsorption)

A

estogen

63
Q

blocks the effect of aldosterone

A

Progesterone

64
Q

exhibit aldosterone-like effect

A

Glucocorticoids

65
Q

Blood pH must remain between 7.35 and 7.45 to maintain
homeostasis
• Alkalosis – pH above 7.45
• Acidosis – pH below 7.35

A

true

66
Q

Most ions originate as byproducts of cellular metabolism

A

true

67
Q

single or paired sets of molecules that
resists shifts in pH by releasing or binding H+

A

Chemical buffer system

68
Q

eliminates volatile acids
• Acidosis activates the respiratory center to increase respiratory rate and depth
which eliminates CO2 and causes pH to rise.
• Alkalosis depresses respiratory center, resulting in CO2 retention and a fall in
pH

A

Respiratory center in the brain stem

69
Q

eliminates metabolic or fixed acids
• Major long-term mechanism for controlling acid-base balance
• Acts mainly by excreting H+ and conserving bicarbonates

A

renal mechanisms

70
Q

Abnormalities of Acid-Base Balance

A

Respiratory acidosis, Respiratory alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis, Metabolic alkalosis

71
Q

decreased pH resulting from CO2 retention

A

Respiratory acidosis

72
Q

increased pH resulting from rapid elimination of CO2

A

Respiratory alkalosis

73
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

decreased pH resulting from accumulation of metabolic
acids or rapid loss of bicarbonates in the urine

74
Q

increased pH resulting from excessive bicarbonates in the
blood or loss of acids

A

Metabolic alkalosis

Anaphy (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions