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Anaphy > Anaphy finals Lecrure 11 Digestive system > Flashcards

Anaphy finals Lecrure 11 Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q
  • Where food travels inside the body
  • Mouth, pharynx, and esophagus, stomach, small
    intestine, and large intestine (colon)
A

DIGESTIVE TRACT: TRACT / ALIMENTARY ORGANS

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2
Q
  • Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, and liver
  • Aid in the process of digestion
A

ACCESSORY ORGANS

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3
Q
  • 2-6 hours of partially digested
  • Final digestion is about 5-6 hours absorption of nutrients
  • Around 12-24 hours undigested material to pass through the entire digestive tract
A

ACCESSORY ORGANS

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4
Q

also called baby teeth or milk teeth.

A

Deciduous teeth

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5
Q

o Begins to erupt around 6 months; the first to appear are the lower central incisors.

A

Deciduous teeth

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6
Q

All permanent teeth except third molars have erupted by the end of adolescence.

A

true

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7
Q

o Wisdomteethemergebetweentheages of 17 and 25.

A

true

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8
Q

o Although there are 32 permanent teeth in a full set, the wisdom teeth often fail to erupt

A

true

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9
Q

both have these sets of teeth

A

omnivorous animals

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10
Q

does not have any molars

A

carnivorous animals

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11
Q

does not have any canines

A

herbivorous animals

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12
Q

meant for cutting

A

incisors

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13
Q

meant for tearing, piercing, or
puncturing food; helps in holding food in our
mouth

A

Canine

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14
Q

meant for grinding and crushing

A

molars

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15
Q

3 regions of teeth

A

crown, neck and root

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16
Q

exposed portion of tooth; covered in enamel (ceramic like protein; hardest substances made of mineralized calcium)

A

crown

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17
Q

connects root and crown

A

neck

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18
Q

embedded portion of toothbrushes

A

root

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19
Q

embedded portion of tooth

A

root

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20
Q

Salivary Glands

A

PAROTID GLAND, SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND and SUBLINGUAL GLAND

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21
Q
  • Near cheek and ear
  • Contain only serous acini
  • Secretion: alpha-amylase (helps in breaking
    down starches)
A

parotid gland

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22
Q
  • Produces majority of saliva
  • Contains both serous acini and mucous tubules
  • Serous demilunes
  • Secretion: lysozyme (has a minor role in the
    immune response)
A

SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND

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23
Q
  • Smallest
  • Contains both serous acini and mucous tubules
  • Secretion: Mucous; also adds to both amylase
    and lysozyme (more viscous)
A

sublingual gland

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24
Q

Food Ingestion and Breakdown

A

Mechanical digestion
-Chemical digestion

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25
Q

amylase, mucin, buffers and anti-bacterial chemicals

A

saliva

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26
Q

enzyme digests starch

A

Amylase

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27
Q

slippery protein (mucus),
protects soft lining of digestive system,
lubricates food for easier swallowing

A

mucin

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28
Q

neutralizes acid to prevent
tooth decay

A

buffers

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29
Q

neutralizes acid to prevent tooth decay

A

Buffers

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30
Q

kill bacteria
that enter mouth with food

A

Anti-bacterial chemicals

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31
Q

The back of the throat.
Approximately 15cm long

A

Pharynx

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32
Q

parts of the
pharynx where air and food passes through

A

Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

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33
Q

Swallowing (and not choking)

A

Epiglottis and peristalsis

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34
Q

o flap of cartilage
o closes trachea (windpipe) when swallowing
o food travels down esophagus

A

Epiglottis

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35
Q

o involuntary muscle contractions to move food along
o happens from the esophagus all the way down

A

Peristalsis

36
Q
  • 25cm long
  • Pushes food to stomach (peristalsis)
A

esophagus

37
Q
  • Series of involuntary wave-like muscle contractions which move food along the digestive tract
A

peristalsis

38
Q
  • C-Shaped; left abdominal cavity
  • Varies from 15cm to 25 cm in length; holds up to
    4 liters of food
  • Mechanically and chemically breaks down food
  • Food is temporarily stored here up to 2-4 hours
  • Pushes food through pyloric sphincter to small
    intestine
  • Has layers of muscle that line the inside.
A

stomach

39
Q

Regions of stomach

A

➢ Cardia (near heart)
➢ Fundus
➢ Body
➢ Pyloric Antrium
➢ Pylorus

40
Q

is a simple columnar epithelium composed entirely of mucous cells.

A

Mucosa of the stomach

41
Q

But the stomach is made out of protein.

A

true

42
Q

Mucous secreted by stomach cells protects stomach lining it stops the stomach from digesting itself.

A

true

43
Q

millions lining mucosa

A

gastric pits

44
Q

secretes gastric juice

A

gastric glands

45
Q

pepsinogen (converted into pepsin
for food digestion)

A

chief cells

46
Q

pepsinogen (converted into pepsin
for food digestion)

A

Parietal cells

47
Q
  • Secreted by the stomach
  • Acidic (pH 1.5-2.5) (HCl)
A

Gastric juices

48
Q

an enzyme that breaks down large
proteins into amino acids

A

pepsin

49
Q

Food is further broken down into a thin liquid
called

A

chyme

50
Q
  • Major Digestive Organ
  • Extends from Pyloric Sphincter to Large Intestine
  • 2-4 meters in length (longest in alimentary canal)
  • Located retroperitoneally
  • Lined with villi, increase surface area for
    absorption.
  • Small intestine has huge surface area = 300m2
    (approximately size of tennis court)
A

small intestine

51
Q

Structure of small intestine (3 Sections)

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

52
Q

most digestion

A

duodenum

53
Q

absorption of nutrients & water

A

jejunum

54
Q

absorption of nutrients & water

A

ileum

55
Q
  • 1st section of small intestines
  • acid food from stomach
  • mixes with digestive juices from pancreas, liver,
    and gall bladder
A

duodenum

56
Q
  • Absorption through villi & microvilli
  • finger-like projections
  • increase surface area for absorption
A

Absorption by Small Intestines

57
Q
  • 1.5 meters long
  • Solid materials pass through the large intestine.
  • These are undigestible solids (fibers)
  • Water is absorbed
  • Vitamins K and B are reabsorbed with the water.
  • Rectum – solid wastes exit the body.
A

large intestine

58
Q

Function:
o re-absorb water
o use approximately 9 liters of water every
day in digestive juices
o > 90% of water reabsorbed

A

large intestine

59
Q

not enough waterway absorbed

A

diarrhea

60
Q

too much water absorbed

A

constipation

61
Q

Living in the large intestine is a community of helpful bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) o producevitaminsKandBvitamins o generategases
▪ by product of bacterial metabolism
▪ methane, hydrogen sulfide

A

true

62
Q

vestigial organ

A

appendix

63
Q
  • Last section of colon (large intestines)
  • eliminate feces (undigested materials)
    o extracellularwaste
    ▪ mainly cellulose from plants
    ▪ roughage or fiber
    o masses of bacteria
A

rectum

64
Q
  • Pouch structure located near the liver which concentrates and stores bile
A

gall bladder

65
Q

a long tube that carries BILE. The top half of the common bile duct is associated with the liver, while the bottom half of the common bile duct is associated with the pancreas, through which it passes on its way to the intestine.

A

bile duct

66
Q

emulsifies lipids (physically breaks apart FATS)
- Bile is a bitter, greenish yellow alkaline fluid, stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where it aids the process of digestion.

A

bile

67
Q
  • organ which secretes both digestive enzymes (exocrine) and hormones (endocrine)
  • Pancreatic juice digests all major nutrient types
  • Nearly all digestion occurs in the small intestine
    & all digestion is completed in the SI.
A

pancreas

68
Q

o producesbile
o bile stored in gallbladder until needed
o breaksupfats
o actlikedetergentstobreakupfats
o bile contains colors from old red blood
cells collected in liver (iron in RBC rusts & makes feces brown)

A

liver

69
Q

food is placed into the mouth

A

ingestion

70
Q

peristaltic movement

A

Propulsion

71
Q

mouth and stomach

A

Mechanical Breakdown

72
Q

breaking down into simpler
components

A

digestion

73
Q

absorption of nutrients, amino
acids, and glucose

A

absorption

74
Q

absorption of nutrients, amino
acids, and glucose

A

Excretion (Defecation)

75
Q

o When teeth remain embedded in the
jawbone
o Can exert pressure and cause a good
deal of pain
o Wisdom teeth are the most commonly
impacted

A

Impacted Teeth

76
Q

o Any condition that rushes food residue
through the large intestine before that organ has had sufficient time to absorb the water
o Prolonged diarrhea may result in dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, which can be fatal if severe

A

Watery stools, or Diarrhea

77
Q

o Too much water is absorbed; the stool
becomes hard and difficult to pass.
o Mayresultfromlackoffiberinthediet,
poor bowel habits

A

Constipation

78
Q

o Causedbylocalirritationofthestomach,
such as occurs with bacterial food
poisoning
o Activates the emetic center in the brain
(medulla).

A

Vomiting/Emesis

79
Q

o Ifbileisstoredinthegallbladderfortoo
long or too much water is removed, the
cholesterol it contains may crystallized o Agonizing pain may occur when the
gallbladder contracts

A

gallstones

80
Q

o Rare but extremely serious
inflammation of the pancreas; results from activation of pancreatic enzymes in the pancreatic duct.

A

pancreatitis

81
Q

mucosa protrudes
through the colon walls, a condition
called diverticulosis.

A

Diverticulosis

82
Q

diverticula become
inflamed, can be life threatening if ruptures occur.

A

Diverticulitis

83
Q

o Caused by failure of cardio esophageal
sphincter to close tightly; gastric juice
backs up to esophagus
o Leads to esophagitis, even ulceration
o Because the diaphragm no longer
reinforces the relatively weak cardio esophageal sphincter, gastric juice flows into the unprotected esophagus.

A

heartburn

84
Q

o Peritoneumisinfected
o Peritoneal membranes tend to stick together around the infection site.
o This provides time for macrophages in the lymphatic tissue to mount an attack

A

Peritonitis

85
Q

o Typicallyaround,sharplydefinedcrater
1 to 4 cm in diameter in the mucosa of any part of the GI tract exposed to secretions of the stomach.
o May occur in the esophagus, but 98% occur in the pyloric part of the stomach (gastric ulcers) or the first part of the duodenum (duodenal ulcers).

A

peptic ulcer

86
Q

o May appear at any age; develop most
frequently between ages 50 and 70.
o Recurring tendency – healing, then flaring up periodically – for the rest of a
person’s life if not treated.
o Duodenal ulcers – 3x more common
than gastric ulcers.

A

peptic ulcer

Anaphy (5 decks)

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