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Anaphy > finals lecture 10 (ppt) > Flashcards

finals lecture 10 (ppt) Flashcards

1
Q

A closed system of the heart and blood vessels

A

Cardiovascular System

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2
Q

pumps blood

A

heart

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3
Q

allowbloodtocirculateto all parts of the body

A

blood vessels

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4
Q

Located at the thorax and between the lungs

A

heart

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5
Q

Pointed apex directed toward left hip

A

heart

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6
Q

About the size of your fist

A

heart

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7
Q

less than 1 pound

A

heart

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8
Q

a double serous membrane

A

pericardium

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9
Q

Nexttoheart

A

Visceralpericardium

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10
Q

Outside layer;
fibrous tissue, anchors the heart to make sure that the heart stays in place. It also acts as a barrier.

A

parietal pericardium

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11
Q

Serous fluid

A

fills the space between the layers of pericardium

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12
Q

Coverings of the heart

A

Pericardium and serous fluid

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13
Q

Location:Outsidelayer
o Description:
▪ This layer is the
parietal
pericardium
▪ Thin, serous(watery) membrane
that is continuous with the lining
of the pericardium
▪ Connective tissue layer (elastic
fibers and loose connective tissue; and specialized connective tissue adipose)
o Function:Coverstheheartandattaches to the pericardium

A

Epicardium

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14
Q

Layers of Heart wall

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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15
Q

o Location:Middlelayer
o Description:
▪ Mostly thick layer of cardiac muscle
o Function: Contracts to pump blood into
the arteries

A

myocardium

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16
Q

o Location:Innerlayer
o Description: ▪Endothelium (layer of epithelial tissue and smooth muscle)
▪ Thin layer of epithelial cells that is continuous with the lining of the blood vessels
o Function: Lines the interior chambers and valves

A

endocardium

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17
Q

Four Chambers of heart

A

artia (right and left artium), Ventricles (right and left ventricle)

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18
Q

Upper right chamber;
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via both the Superior(upper) vena cava and inferior (lower) vena cava and pumps into the right ventricle

A

Right atrium

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19
Q

Upper left chamber; Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and pumps it into the left ventricle.

A

Left artium

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20
Q

Lower right chamber;
Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs to be oxygenated.

A

Right ventricle

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21
Q

Lower left chamber; Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta. The cell walls of the left ventricle are nearly three times as thick as those of the right ventricle owing to the force required to pump the blood into the arterial system.

A

Left ventricle

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22
Q

2 types of septum

A

interatrial septum and Interventricular septum

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23
Q

divides the left and right atrium

A

Interatrial septum

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24
Q

divides the left and right ventricles

A

interventricular septum

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25
Q

Valves of the heart

A

Atrioventricular valves (Tricuspid valve and Bicuspid valve), Semilunar valves (Pulmonary semilunar valve and Aortic semilunar valve)

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26
Q

(right atrioventricular valve)
▪ Location: Between the right atrium and right ventricle
▪ Description: Has three cusps hence the name tricuspid
▪ Function: Closes when the right ventricle contracts and prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium

A

Atrioventricular valves

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27
Q

(left atrioventricular valve or mitral valve)
▪ Location: Between the left atrium and left ventricle
▪ Description: Has two cusps, hence the name bicuspid
▪ Function: Closes when the left ventricle contracts and prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium

A

Bicuspid valve

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28
Q

between ventricle and artery
o Pulmonary semilunar valve (right semilunar valve)
▪ Location: At the entrance to the pulmonary artery
▪ Description: Has three half- moon shaped cusps
▪ Function: Closes when the right ventricle relaxes and prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle

A

Semilunar valves

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29
Q

(left semilunar valve)
▪ Location: At the entrance to the aorta
▪ Description: Has three half shaped cusps
▪ Function: Closes when the left ventricle relaxes and prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle

A

Aortic semilunar valve

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30
Q

Incompetent valve – backflow and repump
- Stenosis – stiff – heart workload increased
- May be replaced
- Lup Dub Heart Sound

A

Valves Pathology

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31
Q

ASSOCIATED GREAT VESSELS OF THE HEART

A

Aorta, Pulmonary arteries, vena cava and pulmonary veins

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32
Q

Leaves left ventricle

A

Aorta

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33
Q

Leave right ventricle

A

Leave right ventricle

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34
Q

Enters right atrium

A

Vena Cava

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35
Q

enter left atrium

A

Pulmonary veins (four)

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36
Q

Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium

A

Coronary Circulation

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37
Q

The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system
o Coronaryarteries
o Cardiac veins
o Blood empties into the right atrium via
the coronary sinus

A

Coronary Circulation

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38
Q

Rapid heartbeat
o Inadequateblood
o Angina pectoris

A

Cardiac Pathology

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39
Q

CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART

A
  • Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)
  • Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve
    impulses, in a regular, continuous way
  • Does not have to pass the central nervous
    system to pump
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40
Q

Special tissue sets the pace

A

Sinoatrial node, Atrioventricular node, Atrioventricular node, Bundle branches Purkinje fibers

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41
Q

(right atrium) “Pacemaker”; generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract

A

Sinoatrial node

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42
Q

(junction of right and left atria and ventricles) – electrical gatekeeper and introduces a delay between atrial and ventricular excitation, allowing for efficient ventricular filling.

A

Atrioventricular node

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43
Q

(Bundle of His) – transmits the electrical impulses generated at paced intervals by the atrioventricular node (AVN), to the right and left ventricles.

A

Atrioventricular bundle

44
Q

(right and left) – carry the electrical signal to the bottom of the heart and cause the ventricles to beat.

A

Bundle branches

45
Q

receive conductive signals originating at the atrioventricular node (AVN), and simultaneously activate the left and right ventricles by directly stimulating the ventricular myocardium

A

Purkinje fibers

46
Q

Three formations

A

P wave, QRS complex and T wave

47
Q

impulse across atria

A

P wave

48
Q

spread of impulse down septum,
around ventricles in Purkinje fibers

A

QRS complex

49
Q

end of electrical activity in ventricles

A

T wave

50
Q

Pathology of a heart

A

Damage to AV node
Fibrillation
Tachycardia
bradycardia

51
Q

release of ventricles from control – faster or slower heartbeat

A

Damage to AV node

52
Q

Slower heartbeat can lead to ____

A

fibrillation

53
Q

lack of blood flow to the heart

A

fibrillation

54
Q

more than 100 beats/min

A

Tachycardia

55
Q

less than 60 beats/min

A

Bradycardia

56
Q
  • Atria contract simultaneously
  • Atria relax, then ventricles contract
  • Systole = contraction
  • Diastole = relaxation
A

CARDIAC CYCLE OF THE HEART

57
Q

o Amount of blood pumped by each side
of the heart in one minute
o CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume
[SV])
▪ 5250 ml/min = 75 beats/min x
70 mls/beat
▪ Norm = 5000 ml/min
▪ Entire blood supply passes
through body once per minute.
▪ CO varies with demands of the
body.

A

Cardiac output (CO)

58
Q

Volume of blood pumped by each
ventricle in one contraction

A

Stroke volume

59
Q
  • Stroke volume usually remains relatively constant
  • Starling’s law of the heart – the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction
  • Changing heart rate is the most common way to change cardiac output
  • To regulate heart rate is to regulate cardiac output.
A

REGULATION OF HEART RATE

60
Q

– the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction

A

Starling’s law of the heart

61
Q

Sympathetic nervous system
o Crisis
o Lowblood pressure
- Hormones
o Epinephrine
o Thyroxine
- Exercise
- Decreased blood volume

A

Increased Heart Rate

62
Q
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
  • High blood pressure or blood volume
  • Decreased venous return
  • In Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), the heart is
    worn out and pumps weakly.
    o Decline in pumping efficiency of heart
    o Inadequatecirculation
    o Progressive, also coronary
    atherosclerosis, high blood pressure and history of multiple Myocardial Infarctions
A

Decreased Heart Rate

63
Q

pulmonary congestion and suffocation

A

pulmonary congestion and suffocation

64
Q

peripheral congestion and edema

A

Right side fails

65
Q

works to provide a slow, steady, but stronger beat.

A

Digitalis drug

66
Q

Taking blood to the tissues and back o Arteries
o Arterioles
o Capillaries
o Venules
o Veins

A

Vascular system

67
Q

Three layers (tunics)

A

Tunic intima, media, externa

68
Q

o Innermostlayer
o Endothelium
o Innerlining

A

Tunic intima

69
Q

o Middle layer
o Smoothmuscle
o Controlled by sympathetic nervous
system
o Responsibleforcontraction

A

tunic media

70
Q

o Outer layer
o Mostly fibrous connective tissue
o Elastic fibers on the connective tissue

A

tunic externa

71
Q

Walls of arteries are the thickest
Lumens of veins are larger
Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the heart
Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue

A

Difference between blood vessel types

72
Q
  • Most arterial blood is pumped by the heart
  • Veins use the milking action of muscles to help
    move blood
A

Movement of blood through vessels

73
Q

consist of two types of vessels

A

CAPILLARY BEDS

74
Q

directly connects an
arteriole to a venule

A

vascular shunt

75
Q

exchange vessels
(single celled layer of blood vessels)
▪ Oxygen and nutrients cross to
cells
▪ Carbon dioxide and metabolic
waste products cross into blood

A

True capillaries

76
Q
  • Arterial pulse
  • Blood pressure
  • Respiratory Rate
  • Body Temperature
  • All indicate the efficiency of the system
A

Vital Signs

77
Q

pressure wave of blood
- Monitored at “pressure points” where pulse is
easily palpated
- Generated only by arteries

A

pulse

78
Q

Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries

A

Blood pressure

79
Q

pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction

A

systolic

80
Q

pressure when ventricles rela

A

Diastolic

81
Q
  • Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart increases
  • Measuring arterial blood pressure
A

blood pressure

82
Q

Effects of Factors of Blood Pressure

A

Neural and Renal, temperature, chemicals, and diet

83
Q

▪ Autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division)
▪ Increase or decrease the blood pressure depending on the activity

A

neural factors

84
Q

▪ Regulation by altering blood
volume

A

renal factors

85
Q

hormonal control

A

Renin

86
Q

▪ Heat has a vasodilation effect
▪ Cold has a vasoconstricting
effect

A

temperature

87
Q

▪ Various substances can cause
increases or decreases

A

chemicals

88
Q

Variations in Blood Pressure

A

normal, hypotension and hypertension

89
Q

▪ 140-110 mm Hg systolic
▪ 80-75 mm Hg diastolic

A

normal

90
Q

▪ Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
▪ Often associated with illness

A

Hypotension

91
Q

▪ High systolic (above 140 mm HG)
▪ Can be dangerous if it is chronic

A

hypertension

92
Q

two basic postnatal (after birth) routes for blood flow;

A

Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

93
Q

▪ when blood returns to the heart
from the systemic route, it is pumped out of the right ventricle through the pulmonary circulation to the lungs.
▪ The pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the air sacs (alveoli) within the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the air sacs to the left atrium
▪ From superior and inferior vena cava

A

pulmonary circulation

94
Q

▪ carries oxygen and nutrients to
body tissues and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes and heat from the tissues.
▪ All systemic arteries come from aorta

A

systemic circulation

95
Q

carries venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs and spleen to the liver.

A

Hepatic portal circulation

96
Q

vein that carries blood from one capillary network to another

A

portal vein

97
Q

receives blood from capillaries of gastrointestinal organs and the spleen and delivers it to the sinusoids of the liver.

A

hepatic portal vein

98
Q

drains blood from the small intestine and portions of the large intestine, stomach, and pancreas

A

superior mesenteric vein

99
Q

drains blood from the stomach, pancreas, and portions of the large intestine

A

splenic vein

100
Q

which passes into the splenic vein, drains portions of the large intestine

A

Inferior mesenteric vein

101
Q

which open directly
into the hepatic portal vein, drain the stomach.

A

Right and left gastric veins

102
Q

which also opens into the hepatic
portal vein, drains the gallbladder.

A

cystic vein

103
Q

the liver is receiving
nutrient rich but deoxygenated blood.

A

Hepatic portal vein

104
Q

the liver also receiving
oxygenated blood, a branch of the celiac trunk.

A

Hepatic artery

105
Q

the oxygenated blood mixes with the deoxygenated blood. Eventually, blood leaves the sinusoids of the liver through the hepatic
veins, which drain into the inferior vena cava.

A

Sinusoids

Anaphy (5 decks)

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