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Anaphy > Finals lecture 12 RESPIRATORY > Flashcards

Finals lecture 12 RESPIRATORY Flashcards

1
Q

Divisions of respiratory system

A

Upper and lower respiratory tract

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2
Q

Major function is to supply the body with
oxygen and dispose carbon dioxide

A

Gas exchange

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3
Q

Processes of Respiration

A

Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Transport of respiratory gases
Internal respiration

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4
Q

movement of air into and out of
the lungs

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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5
Q

gas exchange

A

External respiration

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6
Q

Transport of respiratory gases

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide must
be transported to and from the
lungs and tissues of the body

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7
Q

at the systemic capillaries, gas
exchanges must be made
between the blood and tissue
cells

A

internal respiration

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8
Q

o Expelling carbon dioxide
o High pH – alkaline
o Low pH – acidic
o Lungs and kidneys help in controlling the
pH of the body

A

regulation of pH

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9
Q

o Respiratory passages extending from the
nose to the terminal bronchioles

A

Conducting zones

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10
Q

o Actual sites of gas exchange, composed
of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar
ducts, and alveoli

A

Respiratory zones

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11
Q

Divided into external nose and internal nasal
cavity

A

nose

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12
Q

External nose

A

Superiorly, Laterally, Inferiorly

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13
Q

lies posterior to the external
nose
▪ Air enters the cavity through the
external nares / nostrils (hairs)
▪ Divided in the midline by: nasal
septum

A

Nasal cavity

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14
Q
  • air filled spaces inside the bones that surround
    the nose
  • Helps air get warm and moist
  • Amplify the sound of your voice
A

Paranasal Sinuses

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15
Q
  • Serves as a common pathway for food and air
  • Extends from the base of the skull to the level of
    C6
A

pharynx

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16
Q

3 regions of pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

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17
Q

serves only as air
passageway (pharyngeal tonsils or
adenoid are located)

A

Nasopharynx

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18
Q

both swallowed food and
inhaled air pass through it

A

Oropharynx

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19
Q

common passageway
for food and air

A

Laryngopharynx

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20
Q
  • Extends 5cm from the level of the 4th to 6th
    cervical vertebra
  • Superiorly attaches to the hyoid bone and open
    to the laryngopharynx; inferiorly it is continuous
    with the trachea
A

larynx

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21
Q

o Arytenoids: anchor the vocal cords to the
larynx
o Cuneiform: found in the aryepiglottic
fold
o Corniculate: found at the apices of
arytenoid

A

Paired cartilages

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22
Q

o Thyroid cartilage: shield shaped with
ridge like laryngeal prominence which
seen externally as the Adam’s apple
o Corticoid cartilage: signet ring shaped
cartilage below the thyroid cartilage
o Epiglottis: spoon shaped cartilage and
the only elastic cartilage among the
laryngeal cartilages
▪ Prevents food from entering the
laryngeal cavity
▪ “guardian of the airways”

A

Unpaired cartilages

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23
Q
  • Vibrate and produce sounds as air rushes
    upward from the lungs
  • Superior to the true vocal cords are the
    vestibular folds or false vocal cords
A

Vocal Cords

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24
Q
  • Also called as the wind pipe which is about 10-
    12cm long and 2.5cm in diameter
  • Reinforced internally by 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
A

trachea

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25
Q
  • right and left bronchi are formed by the division of the trachea at the level of the sternal angle
A

BRONCHI AND SUBDIVISIONS: BRONCHIAL TREE

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26
Q

air passages under 1 mm in
diameter and the tiniest of these are the
terminal bronchioles with 0.5cm in diamete

A

Bronchioles

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27
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A
  • Branch into alveolar sacs and alveoli, the
    chambers where the bulk of gas exchange occurs
  • Alveoli – minute expansions along the walls of
    the alveolar sacs
  • Alveolar wall has no cilia or smooth muscle
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28
Q

cells of the respiratory membrane

A

Type I pneumocytes, Type II pneumocystes, Alveolar macrophages

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29
Q
  • Soft, spongy, elastic organs, each weighing 0.5kg
  • Paired lungs occupy the entire thoracic cavity
    except for the mediastinum
  • Each is suspended in its pleural cavity via its root,
    and has a base, apex and medial and costal
    surfaces
A

lungs

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30
Q

found in the medial surface of each lung
through which blood vessels of the pulmonary
and systemic circulation enter and leave the
lungs

A

hilus

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31
Q

Blood supply in Lungs

A

pulmonary arteries, veins, bronchial arteries

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32
Q
  • A thin, double layered serosa
    o Parietal pleura: lines the thoracic wall
    and superior aspect of the diaphragm
    o Visceral pleura: cover the external lung
    surface, dipping into and lining its
    fissures
  • Produces pleural fluid
A

pleura

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33
Q

inflammation of the pleura and caused
by a decreased secretion of pleural fluid

A

pleurisy

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34
Q

mechanics of breathing

A

inspiration and expiration

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35
Q

air is flowing into the lungs (active
phase)

A

Inspiration

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36
Q

air is flowing out of the lungs (passive
phase)

A

Expiration

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37
Q

Gases travel from an area of higher pressure to
an area of lower pressure

A

Pressure Relationship in the Thoracic Cavity

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38
Q

pressure
within the alveoli of the lungs

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

39
Q

pressure within the pleural cavity

A

Intrapleural pressure

40
Q

A completely mechanical process that depends
on volume changes occurring in the thoracic
cavity

A

Pulmonary Ventilation: Inspiration and Expiration

41
Q
  • Refer to the amount of air that is flushed in and
    out of the lungs that varies substantially on the
    conditions of inspiration and expiration
A

respiratory volumes and capacities

42
Q

used for the measurement of lung
volumes and capacities

A

spirometer

43
Q

pulmonary volumes

A

Tidal volume TV (500mL), Inspiratory reserve volume IRV (3000mL), Expiratory reserve volume ERV (1100mL), Residual volume RV (1200mL)

44
Q

volume of air inspired
or expired with each breath

A

Tidal volume TV (500mL)

45
Q

amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the resting tidal volume

A

Inspiratory reserve volume IRV (3000mL)

46
Q

amount of air that can be expired forcefully after expiration of the resting tidal volume

A

Expiratory reserve volume ERV (1100mL)

47
Q

volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after a maximum expiration

A

Residual volume RV (1200mL)

48
Q

PULMONARY CAPACITIES

A

Functional residual capacity (2300mL), Inspiratory capacity (3500mL), Vital capacity (4600mL), Total lung capacity (5800mL)

49
Q

gas exchange in the body

A

external and internal respiration

50
Q

Pulmonary gas exchange
o Partial pressure gradients and gas
solubility: partial pressure of oxygen in
pulmonary blood is much lower than the
alveoli, resulting to rapid diffusion of
oxygen from the alveoli into the
pulmonary capillary bed
o Thickness of the respiratory membrane:
in healthy lungs, membrane is only 0.5 1
um thick
o Surface area: alveolar surface when
spread flat will cover around 140 square
meters
o Ventilation: perfusion coupling

A

External Respiration

51
Q

capillary gas exchange in body tissues.

o Partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues
is always lower than that of the systemic
arterial blood
o Oxygen moves rapidly from the blood
into the tissues until equilibrium is
reached, and carbon dioxide moves
quickly along its partial pressure
gradient into the blood

A

Internal respiration

52
Q

transport of respiratory gases by blood

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide transport

53
Q

oxygen and
hemoglobin in combination and is the
major transport form of oxygen

A

oxyhemoglobin

54
Q

bound to hemoglobin of rbc (20-30%)

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

55
Q

largest
fraction of carbon dioxide (60-70%)

A

bicarbonate ion in plasma

56
Q

Neural centers for control of respiratory rhythm are
in the medulla and pons. The medulla is the
respiratory rate “pacemaker.” Reflex arcs initiated
by stretch receptors in the lungs also play a role in
respiration by notifying neural centers of excessive
over inflation

A

nervous control

57
Q

Increased body temperature, exercise, speech,
singing, and non-respiratory air movements modify
both rate and depth of breathing.

A

physical factors

58
Q

To a degree, breathing may be consciously
controlled if it does not interfere with homeostasis.

A

volition

59
Q

Some emotional stimuli can modify breathing
Examples are fear, anger, and excitement

A

Emotional
Factors

60
Q

Changes in carbon dioxide levels are the most
important stimuli affecting respiratory rhythm and
depth. Carbon dioxide acts directly on the medulla
via its effect on reducing the pH of blood and
brainstem tissue.

A

chemical factors

61
Q

Vesicular breath sounds are soft and low
pitched with a rustling quality during
inspiration and are even softer during
expiration.

A

vesicular-normal

62
Q

Fine crackles are brief. discontinuous,
popping lung sounds that are high-pitched.
Fine crackles are also similar to the sound of
wood burning in a fireplace. or hook and
loop fasteners being pulled apart or
cellophane being crumpled.

A

Crackles-Fine
(Rales)

63
Q

Coarse crackles are discontinuous, brief,
popping lung sounds. Compared to fine
crackles they are louder, lower in pitch and
last longer. They have also been described
as a bubbling sound.

A

Crackles-Coarse
(Rales)

64
Q

are adventitious lung sounds that
are continuous with a musical quality.
Wheezes can be high or low pitched. High
pitched wheezes may have an auscultation
sound similar to squeaking. Lower pitched
wheezes have a snoring or moaning quality

A

wheeze

65
Q

Low pitched wheezes (rhonchi) are
continuous, both inspiratory and expiratory,
low pitched adventitious lung sounds that
are similar to wheezes. They often have a
snoring, gurgling or rattle-like quality.

A

Rhonchi-Low
Pitched Wheezes

66
Q

sounds are hollow, tubular sounds
that are lower pitched. They can be
auscultated over the trachea whe

A

bronchial

67
Q

rubs are discontinuous or
continuous, creaking or grating sounds. The
sound has been described as similar to
walking on fresh snow or a leather-on-
leather type of sound

A

pleural rubs

68
Q

Inspiration to expiration periods are equal
these are normal sounds in the mid-chest
area or in the posterior chest between the
scapula.

A

Bronchovesicular

69
Q

Taking a deep breath, closing glottis, and forcing
air superiorly from lungs against glottis. Then,
glottis opens suddenly, and a blast of air rushes
upward. Coughs act to clear the lower
respiratory passageways.

A

cough

70
Q

Similar to a cough, except that expelled air is
directed through nasal cavities instead of
through oral cavity. The uvula, a dangling tag of
tissue hanging from the soft palate, becomes
depressed and closes oral cavity off from
pharynx, routing air through nasal cavities.
Sneezes clear upper respiratory passages.

A

sneeze

71
Q

Inspiration followed by release of air in a
number of short expirations. Primarily an
emotionally induced mechanism.

A

crying

72
Q

Essentially same as crying in terms of the air
movements produced. Also an emotionally
induced response.

A

laughing

73
Q

Sudden inspirations resulting from spasms of
diaphragm: initiated by irritation of diaphragm
or phrenic nerves, which serve diaphragm. The
sound occurs when inspired air hits vocal folds
of closed glottis.

A

hiccups

74
Q

Very deep inspiration, taken with jaws wide
open; ventilates all alveoli (some alveoli may
remain collapsed during normal quiet
breathing).

A

yawn

75
Q

Absence of breathing

A

apnea

76
Q

normal breathing

A

eupnea

77
Q

Only able to breathe comfortable in upright
position (such as sitting in chair), unable to
breath laying down, attacks of severe
shortness of breath that wakes a person
from sleep.

A

orthopnea

78
Q

Increased depth of breathing.

A

Paroxysmal
Nocturnal
Dyspnea

79
Q

Increased rate (A) or depth (B), or
combination of both

A

hyperpnea

80
Q

Decreased rate (A) or depth (B), or some
combination of both.

A

hyperventilation

81
Q

increased frequency without blood gas
abnormality

A

hypo ventilation

82
Q

Increased rate and depth of breathing over
a prolonged period of time. In response to
metabolic acidosis, the body’s attempt to
blow off CO2, to buffer a fixed acid such as
ketones. Ketoacidosis is seen in diabetics.

A

tachypnea

83
Q

Gradual increase in volume and frequency.
followed by a gradual decrease in volume
and frequency. with apnea periods of 10-30
seconds between cycle.

A

Kussmaul’s
Respiration

84
Q

Described as a crescendo-decrescendo
pattern.

A

Cheyne-Strokes
Respirations
(CSR)

85
Q

is an abnormality of the
human body’s normal balance of acids and bases
that causes the plasma pH to deviate out of the
normal range (7.35 to 7.45)

A

Acid base imbalance

86
Q

Too much intake of CO2

A

Respiratory acidosis

87
Q

Excess loss of CO2

A

Respiratory alkalosis

88
Q

Excess hydrogen ion

A

Metabolic acidosis

89
Q

Excess hydrogen ion loss
or excess alkaline intake

A

Metabolic alkalosis

90
Q

respiratory disorders

A

Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Lung cancer

91
Q

o a progressive, degenerative disease that
destroys alveolar walls.
o clusters of small air sacs merge to form
larger chambers, which drastically
decreases the surface area of the
respiratory membrane and thereby
reduces the volume of gases that can be
exchanged through the membrane.

A

Emphysema

92
Q

o the mucosa of the lower respiratory
passages becomes severely inflamed
and produces excessive mucus.
o pooled mucus impairs ventilation and
gas exchange and dramatically increases
the risk of lung infections, including
pneumonias.

A

Chronic Bronchitis

93
Q

o Associated with smoking and the most
prevalent type of malignancy
o Continuous irritation prompts the
production of more mucus, but smoking
slows the movements of cilia that clear
this mucus and depresses lung
macrophages

A

lung cancer

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