Urinary System Flashcards
The kidneys are situated against the ________ in a retroperitoneal position behind the parietal
dorsal body wall
The kidneys are situated at the level of the ___ to ___ vertebraeFibrous capsule
T12 to L3
The right kidney is slightly ___ than the left (because of position of the liver)
lower
An adult kidney is about __cm (5 in) long and __ cm (2.5 in) wide (safeguar bar)
12, 6
3 protective layers enclose the kidney
Fibrous capsule
Penirenal fat capsule
Renal fascia
encloses each kidney
sticks directly to the kidney
Fibrous capsule
surrounds kidney & cushions against blows
Penirenal fat capsule
most superficial layer
anchors kidney & adrenal gland to surrounding structures (keep in place - lanit-lanit)
Renal fascia
outer region of the kidney
Renal cortex
deeper region of the kidney
Renal medulla
triangular regions of tissue in the medulla
Renal (medullary) pyramids
extensions of cortex like material that separate the pyramids
Renal columns
medial region - flat, funnel-shaped tube
Renal pelvis
Basic structural and functional units of the kidneys
Nephrons
Each kidney contains over a _____ nephrons
Million
Each nephron consists of two main structures, the ___ and ____.
Renal corpuscle
Renal tubule
________ of the total blood supply of the body passes through the kidneys each minute (180 liters of blood/ day)
One-quarter
______ provides each kidney with arterial blood supply
Renal artery
a knot of capillaries made of podocytes
Podocytes make up the inner (visceral) layer of the glomerular capsule
Glomerulus
cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus (gloved shaped)
First part of the renal tubule
Removes urine
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
Extends from glomerular capsule & ends when it empties in collecting duct
From the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule,
Renal tubule
subdivisions of renal tubule:
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
end product of protein breakdown
Urea
results from nucleic acid metabolism
Uric acid
associated with creatine metabolism in muscles
creatinine
In males, the _____ surrounds the neck of the urinary bladder
prostate
Solutes normally found in urine
Sodium and potassium ions
Urea, uric acid, creatinine
Ammonia
Bicarbonate ions
Glucose-Diabetes
Blood proteins-Hypertension
Red blood cells-Bleeding
Hemoglobin-Bleeding
WBCs (pus)-UTI,STI
Bile-Hepatitis
Solutes NOT normally found in urine
Slender tubes 25–30 cm (10–12 inches) attaching the kidney to the urinary bladder
ureters
______ aids gravity in urine transport
Peristalsis
triangular region of the urinary bladder base based on three openings
trigone
Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters
Internal urethral sphincter - Involuntary & made of smooth muscle
External urethral sphincter- Voluntary & made of skeletal muscle
legnth of the ureters in male and female
In females: 3 to 4 cm (1.5 inches long)
In males: 20 cm (8 inches long)
Different parts of Male Urethra
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy urethra
Voiding, or emptying of the urinary bladder/ urinating
Two sphincters control the release of urine, the internal urethral sphincter and external urethral sphincter
Micturition
is an uncommon but serious problem in which the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine, and dialysis must be done to maintain chemical homeostasis of blood
renal failure
In 24 hours, about ___ to ___ liters of urine are produced
1.0 to 1.8
cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus (gloved shaped)
First part of the renal tubule
Removes urine
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
Venous blood flow
Cortical radiate veins → arcuate veins → interlobar veins → renal vein
Renal vein returns blood to the_________
inferior vena cava
Renal artery divides into
segmental arteries → interlobar arteries → arcuate arteries → cortical radiate arteries
feeling that it is necessary to void
Urgency
frequent voiding of small amounts of urine
Frequency
need to get up during the night to urinate
Nocturia
loss of control
Incontinence
common in males, often the result of hypertrophy of the prostate gland
Urinary retention
Organs of the Urinary System
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Three protective layers enclose the kidney
Fibrous capsule
Perirenal fat capsule
Renal fascia
extensions of cortexlike material that separate the pyramids
Renal columns
triangular regions of tissue in the medulla
Renal (medullary) pyramids
form cup-shaped “drains” that enclose the renal pyramids
calyces
collect urine and send it to the renal pelvis, on to the ureter, and to the urinary bladder for storage
calyces
Summarize the pathway of renal blood vessels
Aorta
renal artery
-segmental artery
-interlobar artery
-arcuate artery
-cortical artery
-afferent arteriole
-Glomerulus
-efferent arteriole
-peritubular arteries
-cortical radiate vein
-arcuate vein
-interlobar vein
-renal vein
-inferior vena cava.
a knot of capillaries made of podocytes
Glomerulus
make up the inner (visceral) layer of the glomerular capsule
podocytes
is a cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
it is also known as the first part of the renal tubule
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
the three major renal processes are
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
Water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through glomerular capillary walls
Glomerular filtration
Filtrate will be formed as long as systemic blood pressure is normal, why?
If arterial blood pressure is too low, filtrate formation stops because glomerular pressure will be too low to form filtrate
The peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances from the renal tubule cells, such as:
Water
Glucose
Amino acids
Ions
Tubular reabsorption
Reabsorption in reverse, some materials move from the blood of the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules to be eliminated in filtrate
Tubular secretion
In 24 hours, about ___ to ___ liters of urine are produced
1L-1.8L
Differentiate urine and filtrate
Filtrate contains everything that blood plasma does (except proteins)
Urine is what remains after the filtrate has lost most of its water, nutrients, and necessary ions through reabsorption
Urine characteristics
Clear and pale to deep yellow in color
Sterile in the time of formation
slightly aromatic
slightly acidic(ph of 6)
Specific gravity of urine
1.001 to 1.035
Solutes normally found in urine
Sodium and potassium ions
Urea, uric acid, creatinine
Ammonia
Bicarbonate ions
Glucose
Blood proteins
Red blood cells
Hemoglobin
WBCs (pus)
Bile
Solutes NOT normally found in urine
Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac situated posterior to the pubic symphysis
Stores urine temporarily
Urinary bladder
triangular region of the urinary bladder base based on three openings
Trigone
In males, the _____ surrounds the neck of the urinary bladder
prostate
on the walls of the urinary bladder, three layers of smooth muscle collectively called the _______ muscle.
detrusor
A moderately full bladder is about __ inches long and holds about ____ ml of urine
5, 500
Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis
Urethra
Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters, these are the:
Internal Urethral Sphincter
External Urethral Sphincter
- Involuntary and made of smooth muscle
Internal urethral sphincter
Voluntary and made of skeletal muscle
External urethral sphincter-
what is the length of the urethra in males and in females?
In females: 3 to 4 cm (1.5 inches long)
In males: 20 cm (8 inches long)
identify the location of the urethra in males and in females
Females - anterior to the vaginal opening
Males - travels through the prostate and penis
Voiding, or emptying of the urinary bladder
Micturition
The kidneys begin to develop in the first few weeks of embryonic life and are excreting urine by the_____ of fetal life
third month
Control of the voluntary urethral sphincter does not start until age __ months
18
Complete nighttime control may not occur until the child is _ years old
4
