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Anatomy And Physiology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

The kidneys are situated against the ________ in a retroperitoneal position behind the parietal

A

dorsal body wall

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2
Q

The kidneys are situated at the level of the ___ to ___ vertebraeFibrous capsule

A

T12 to L3

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3
Q

The right kidney is slightly ___ than the left (because of position of the liver)

A

lower

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4
Q

An adult kidney is about __cm (5 in) long and __ cm (2.5 in) wide (safeguar bar)

A

12, 6

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5
Q

3 protective layers enclose the kidney

A

Fibrous capsule
Penirenal fat capsule
Renal fascia

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6
Q

encloses each kidney
sticks directly to the kidney

A

Fibrous capsule

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7
Q

surrounds kidney & cushions against blows

A

Penirenal fat capsule

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8
Q

most superficial layer

anchors kidney & adrenal gland to surrounding structures (keep in place - lanit-lanit)

A

Renal fascia

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9
Q

outer region of the kidney

A

Renal cortex

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10
Q

deeper region of the kidney

A

Renal medulla

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11
Q

triangular regions of tissue in the medulla

A

Renal (medullary) pyramids

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12
Q

extensions of cortex like material that separate the pyramids

A

Renal columns

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13
Q

medial region - flat, funnel-shaped tube

A

Renal pelvis

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14
Q

Basic structural and functional units of the kidneys

A

Nephrons

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15
Q

Each kidney contains over a _____ nephrons

A

Million

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16
Q

Each nephron consists of two main structures, the ___ and ____.

A

Renal corpuscle
Renal tubule

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17
Q

________ of the total blood supply of the body passes through the kidneys each minute (180 liters of blood/ day)

A

One-quarter

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18
Q

______ provides each kidney with arterial blood supply

A

Renal artery

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19
Q

a knot of capillaries made of podocytes
Podocytes make up the inner (visceral) layer of the glomerular capsule

A

Glomerulus

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20
Q

cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus (gloved shaped)

First part of the renal tubule
Removes urine

A

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

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21
Q

Extends from glomerular capsule & ends when it empties in collecting duct
From the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule,

A

Renal tubule

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22
Q

subdivisions of renal tubule:

A

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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23
Q

end product of protein breakdown

A

Urea

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24
Q

results from nucleic acid metabolism

A

Uric acid

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25
Q

associated with creatine metabolism in muscles

A

creatinine

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26
Q

In males, the _____ surrounds the neck of the urinary bladder

A

prostate

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27
Q

Solutes normally found in urine

A

Sodium and potassium ions
Urea, uric acid, creatinine
Ammonia
Bicarbonate ions

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28
Q

Glucose-Diabetes
Blood proteins-Hypertension
Red blood cells-Bleeding
Hemoglobin-Bleeding
WBCs (pus)-UTI,STI
Bile-Hepatitis

A

Solutes NOT normally found in urine

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29
Q

Slender tubes 25–30 cm (10–12 inches) attaching the kidney to the urinary bladder

A

ureters

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30
Q

______ aids gravity in urine transport

A

Peristalsis

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31
Q

triangular region of the urinary bladder base based on three openings

A

trigone

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32
Q

Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters

A

Internal urethral sphincter - Involuntary & made of smooth muscle

External urethral sphincter- Voluntary & made of skeletal muscle

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33
Q

legnth of the ureters in male and female

A

In females: 3 to 4 cm (1.5 inches long)
In males: 20 cm (8 inches long)

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34
Q

Different parts of Male Urethra

A

Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy urethra

35
Q

Voiding, or emptying of the urinary bladder/ urinating

Two sphincters control the release of urine, the internal urethral sphincter and external urethral sphincter

A

Micturition

36
Q

is an uncommon but serious problem in which the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine, and dialysis must be done to maintain chemical homeostasis of blood

A

renal failure

37
Q

In 24 hours, about ___ to ___ liters of urine are produced

A

1.0 to 1.8

38
Q

cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus (gloved shaped)
First part of the renal tubule
Removes urine

A

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

39
Q

Venous blood flow

A

Cortical radiate veins → arcuate veins → interlobar veins → renal vein

40
Q

Renal vein returns blood to the_________

A

inferior vena cava

41
Q

Renal artery divides into

A

segmental arteries → interlobar arteries → arcuate arteries → cortical radiate arteries

42
Q

feeling that it is necessary to void

A

Urgency

43
Q

frequent voiding of small amounts of urine

A

Frequency

44
Q

need to get up during the night to urinate

A

Nocturia

45
Q

loss of control

A

Incontinence

46
Q

common in males, often the result of hypertrophy of the prostate gland

A

Urinary retention

47
Q

Organs of the Urinary System

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

48
Q

Three protective layers enclose the kidney

A

Fibrous capsule
Perirenal fat capsule
Renal fascia

49
Q

extensions of cortexlike material that separate the pyramids

A

Renal columns

50
Q

triangular regions of tissue in the medulla

A

Renal (medullary) pyramids

51
Q

form cup-shaped “drains” that enclose the renal pyramids

A

calyces

52
Q

collect urine and send it to the renal pelvis, on to the ureter, and to the urinary bladder for storage

A

calyces

53
Q

Summarize the pathway of renal blood vessels

A

Aorta
renal artery
-segmental artery
-interlobar artery
-arcuate artery
-cortical artery
-afferent arteriole
-Glomerulus
-efferent arteriole
-peritubular arteries
-cortical radiate vein
-arcuate vein
-interlobar vein
-renal vein
-inferior vena cava.

54
Q

a knot of capillaries made of podocytes

A

Glomerulus

55
Q

make up the inner (visceral) layer of the glomerular capsule

A

podocytes

56
Q

is a cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus

A

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

57
Q

it is also known as the first part of the renal tubule

A

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

58
Q

the three major renal processes are

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

59
Q

Water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through glomerular capillary walls

A

Glomerular filtration

60
Q

Filtrate will be formed as long as systemic blood pressure is normal, why?

A

If arterial blood pressure is too low, filtrate formation stops because glomerular pressure will be too low to form filtrate

61
Q

The peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances from the renal tubule cells, such as:
Water
Glucose
Amino acids
Ions

A

Tubular reabsorption

62
Q

Reabsorption in reverse, some materials move from the blood of the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules to be eliminated in filtrate

A

Tubular secretion

63
Q

In 24 hours, about ___ to ___ liters of urine are produced

A

1L-1.8L

64
Q

Differentiate urine and filtrate

A

Filtrate contains everything that blood plasma does (except proteins)

Urine is what remains after the filtrate has lost most of its water, nutrients, and necessary ions through reabsorption

65
Q

Urine characteristics

A

Clear and pale to deep yellow in color

Sterile in the time of formation

slightly aromatic

slightly acidic(ph of 6)

66
Q

Specific gravity of urine

A

1.001 to 1.035

67
Q

Solutes normally found in urine

A

Sodium and potassium ions

Urea, uric acid, creatinine

Ammonia

Bicarbonate ions

68
Q

Glucose
Blood proteins
Red blood cells
Hemoglobin
WBCs (pus)
Bile

A

Solutes NOT normally found in urine

69
Q

Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac situated posterior to the pubic symphysis

Stores urine temporarily

A

Urinary bladder

70
Q

triangular region of the urinary bladder base based on three openings

A

Trigone

71
Q

In males, the _____ surrounds the neck of the urinary bladder

A

prostate

72
Q

on the walls of the urinary bladder, three layers of smooth muscle collectively called the _______ muscle.

A

detrusor

73
Q

A moderately full bladder is about __ inches long and holds about ____ ml of urine

A

5, 500

74
Q

Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis

A

Urethra

75
Q

Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters, these are the:

A

Internal Urethral Sphincter
External Urethral Sphincter

76
Q
  • Involuntary and made of smooth muscle
A

Internal urethral sphincter

77
Q

Voluntary and made of skeletal muscle

A

External urethral sphincter-

78
Q

what is the length of the urethra in males and in females?

A

In females: 3 to 4 cm (1.5 inches long)
In males: 20 cm (8 inches long)

79
Q

identify the location of the urethra in males and in females

A

Females - anterior to the vaginal opening
Males - travels through the prostate and penis

80
Q

Voiding, or emptying of the urinary bladder

A

Micturition

81
Q

The kidneys begin to develop in the first few weeks of embryonic life and are excreting urine by the_____ of fetal life

A

third month

82
Q

Control of the voluntary urethral sphincter does not start until age __ months

A

18

83
Q

Complete nighttime control may not occur until the child is _ years old

A

4

Anatomy And Physiology (10 decks)

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