Nervous System Flashcards
It is made up of the Brain and Spinal Cord.
The Central Nervous System
the two classification of the nervous system are
Structural Classification
Functional Classification
Structural Classification of the nervous system
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Functional Classification of the nervous system
Sensory or Afferent division
Motor or Efferent Division
6 Important Parts of the brain
cerebrum
cerebellum
diecephalon
mid brain
pons
medulla oblungata
the largest part of your brain and handles conscious thoughts and actions.
the most superior part of the brain
cerebrum
responsible for coordinating voluntary movements.
which means “little brain,” is a part of the brain involved in coordinating movement and balance.
it can also play a role in cognitive functions like language and attention.
Cerebellum
acts as a primary relay and processing center for sensory information and autonomic control
also called Interbrain
Diencephalon
part of the Brainstem
associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wakefulness, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.
contains visual and auditory reflex centers
Midbrain
bridge between various parts of the nervous system.
relays information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum
Pons
containing control centers for the heart and lungs
manages heart, circulation and breathing
Medulla Oblungata
four lobes of the Cerebrum or the Cerebral Hemispheres
Frontal lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
is the part of the brain that controls important cognitive skills in humans, such as emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language, judgment, and sexual behaviors.
It is, in essence, the “control panel” of our personality and our ability to communicate.
Frontal Lobe
They are divided into two functional regions.
One involves sensation and perception and the other is concerned with integrating sensory input, primarily with the visual system.
Parietal Lobe
is the visual processing area of the brain.
It is associated with visuospatial processing, distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory.
Occipital Lobe
is involved in primary auditory perception, such as hearing, and holds the primary auditory cortex.
The primary auditory cortex receives sensory information from the ears and secondary areas process the information into meaningful units such as speech and words.
Temporal Lobe
3 additional protection for the CNS
Meninges
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Blood-Brain Barrier
refers to the membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
outermost layer of the meninges
Dura Mater
middle, meningeal layer
Arachnoid Mater
innermost layer, clings tightly to the surface of the brain.
Pia Mater
It is a clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord.
- It cushions the brain and spinal cord when they’re struck with mechanical force.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
It is to protect the CNS against circulating toxins or pathogens that could cause brain infections, while at the same time allowing vital nutrients to reach the brain.
Blood-Brain Barrier
is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column
spinal cord
functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons to the sensory cortex
Spinal Cord
It is also a center for coordinating many reflexes and contains reflex arcs that can independently control reflexes
Spinal Cord
refers to parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.
- includes the cranial nerves, spinal nerves and their roots and branches, peripheral nerves, and neuromuscular junctions.
the Peripheral Nervous System
NERVE TISSUE is composed of
Neurons or nerve cells
Supporting Cells
is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of fibers in the peripheral nervous system.
- provides a structured pathway that supports the electrochemical nerve impulses transmitted along each of the axons.
- its nerve cell is called the Neuron
The Nerve
basic working unit of the nervous system.
- designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells
- cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells
The Neuron
PARTS OF A NEURON
Soma or Cell Body
Dendrite
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Schwann Cell
support the chemical processing of the neuron; the most important of which is the production of neurotransmitters.
Soma or Cell Body
are appendages that are designed to receives communications from other cells.
dendrites
a long slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron’s cell body or soma
Axon
an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord
Myelin Sheath
play an essential role in the survival and functions of neurons
Schwann Cell
Are lumped together as neuroglia or nerve glue
Supporting cells
another term for supporting cells
glial cells
the four supporting cells
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal
Oligodendrocytes
also known as astroglia or astroglial cells
- were discovered by scientist Karl Bergmann
provide nutrients to neurons while maintaining the balance between cellular ions such as sodium chloride, potassium, and phosphate
Astrocytes
resident immune cells of the brain.
- remove neurons that don’t communicate properly, thus ensuring that information transfer between neurons is not interrupted
Microglia
a thin membrane that lines the ventricles of the brain and the central column of the spinal cord
their main function is to secrete, circulate, and maintain homeostasis of the cerebrospinal fluid that fills the ventricles of the central nervous system.
Ependymal
wraps their flat extensions around CNS nerve fibers
produces fatty insulating coverages called myelin Sheath
Oligodendrocytes
2 divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
I. Olfactory
II. Optic
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear –
V. Trigeminal –
VI. Abducens –
VII. Facial –
VIII. Vestibulocochlear –
IX. Glossopharyngeal -
X. Vagus –
XI. Spinal Accessory –
XII. Hypoglossal –
- smell
- Vision
- muscle function, pupil response
- superior oblique muscle
- facial muscles
- eye movement
- facial expressions
- hearing and balance
- taste
- throat muscles
- neck muscles
- tongue muscles
the structures through which the central nervous system (CNS) receives sensory information from the periphery
- through which the activity of the trunk and the limbs is regulated.
31 spinal nerves
is the motor subdivision of the PNS
a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal.
the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.
Autonomic Nervous System
Divisions of the ANS
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
directs the body’s rapid involuntary response to dangerous or stressful situations.
A flash flood of hormones boosts the body’s alertness and heart rate, sending extra blood to the muscles.
The fight or flight response mechanism
Sympathetic nervous system
called the “rest and digest” system
conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.
Parasympathetic nervous system
is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles.
consists of afferent nerves or sensory nerves, and efferent nerves or motor nerve.
Somatic Nervous System
sensory neurons carrying nerve impulses from sensory stimuli toward the central nervous system and brain.
carry signals to the brain and spinal cord as sensory data. Transmits sensory data gathered from the skin, muscles and joints to the CNS.
Afferent or Sensory Nerves
Nerve fibres carry impulses away from the central nervous system.
Carries information from the CNS to the muscles and glands.
Efferent or Motor Nerves
