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Science for Paramedics 2 > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

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1
Q

What 4 components make up the urinary system
(2K, 2U, 1UB, 1U)

A

Two kidneys
Two ureters
One urinary bladder
One urethra

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2
Q

What is the function of the kidney

A

1.Blood enters through the renal artery.
2.Enters a complex filtration system inside the kidney
3.The filtrate contains things the body wants to keep, and things the body will be better without.
4.The good things are reabsorbed and exit the kidney through the renal vein
5.The bad things are collected by the kidney and transferred to the ureters for elimination through the body as urine.

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3
Q

Is the right kidney higher or lower

A

Slightly lower

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4
Q

Near the centre of the kidney there is a vertical feature called the renal hilum, what emerges through this? (U,BV,LV,N)

A

The ureter
Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
Nerves

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5
Q

What is the nephron responsible for

A

Filtration and collection

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6
Q

What are the three areas of the kidney

A

Renal cortex - Middle
Renal medulla - Bottom
Nephron - Top

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7
Q

What is the renal pelvis

A

A large urine collecting space that occupies the inner region of the kidney.

Branches into cupcake structures called calyces.

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8
Q

What are the two different types of calyces.

A

Major calyce
Minor calyces

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9
Q

The apex of each calyces ends in what?
RP =
MC=
MC

A

Renal papilla - opens into a
Minor calyce - drains into a
Major calyce - drains into the
Renal Pelvis

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10
Q

How many minor and major calyces does each kidney have

A

2-3 major calyces
8-10 minro calyces

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11
Q

What is the renal sinus

A

Major calyces, minor calyces, blood vessels, and nerves are situated in a cavity inside the kidney called renal sinus

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12
Q

What is the renal sinus

A

Major calyces, minor calyces, blood vessels, and nerves are situated in a cavity inside the kidney called renal sinus

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13
Q

What is the renal capsule

A

Renal capsule – fibrous capsule with a protective layer of adipose tissue


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14
Q

What do the renal lobes consist of

A

A single renal pyramid,
its overlying cortex and,
one-half of each adjacent column

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15
Q

What is the renal lobule

A

The portion of the kidney that contains those nephrons having the same collecting duct.

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16
Q

The functional part of the kidney is made up of two parts, what are these?

A

The renal cortex
The renal medulla

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17
Q

How much % of resting cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

A

20-25%

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18
Q

What is the order of blood flow in kidneys
R-S-I-A-I

A

Renal artery
Segmental arteries
Interlober arteries
Arcuate arteries
Interloper arteries (2)

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19
Q

What is Bowmans capsule

A

A semi-permeable wall

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20
Q

What is the difference between Afferent and Efferent

A

Afferent = Approaching something

Efferent = Exiting something

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21
Q

What are the two parts of the nephron

A

Renal corpuscle (where blood plasma is filtered)
Renal tubule (a passage for the filtered fluids)

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22
Q

What two things does each renal corpuscle consist of:

A

The glomerulus (a capillary network)
Bowmans capsule ( a double walled epithelial cup)

23
Q

Blood plasma is filtered in the glomerular capsule and the filtrate passes into the renal tubules.
These tubules consist of what?

A

Proximal convoluted tubules.
Loop of Henle.
Distal convoluted tubules

24
Q

What is the loop of Henle

A

Connects the distal and proximal convoluted tubules.

25
Q

What two parts does the loop of Henle consist of?

A
  • Descending limb

  • Ascending limb
26
Q

What are cortical nephrons?

A

80-85% of nephrons are cortical.
Have a short loop of Henle which lies mainly in the cortex and is supplied blood by peritubular capillaries

27
Q

What are juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

15-20% of nephrons are juxtamedullary.
Have a long loop of Henle which lies mainly in the medulla and is supplied by the vasa recta

28
Q

Functions of the kidney
Acronym = A WET BED

A

Acid base balance

Water balance
Electrolyte balance
Toxin removal

Blood pressure control
Erythropoietin production
D (Vitamin D synthesis)

29
Q

By three separate processes, the kidneys produce and modify the glomerular filtrate that is finally excreted from the body as urine. What are these?

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

30
Q

What is the purpose of glomerular filtration?

A

Glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures.
One pressure promotes filtration
Two pressures oppose filtration

So one pressure is pushing the fluid across, the other two are pushing against it.

31
Q

What is Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (GBHP).

A

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure is the blood pressure in glomerular capillaries.
It promotes filtration.

32
Q

What is Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP).

A

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) is the hydrostatic pressure exerted against the filtration membrane by fluid already in the capsular space and renal tubule.
CHP opposes filtration

33
Q

What Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP)

A

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) is due to the presence of proteins in blood plasma.
BCOP opposes filtration

34
Q

What is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

The volume of filtrate formed by both kidneys each minute

In a healthy adult the GFR is about 125 ml/min


35
Q

How much blood is filtered by the kidneys

A

1200ml blood passes through the kidneys every minute.

180L of dilute filtrate are formed every day

Only 1-1.5L is excreted as urine.

36
Q

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

A

Passive:
Requires no energy
No ATP required

Active:
Requires energy
ATP required

37
Q

What is tubular reabsorption

A

Some substances of glomerular filtrate do not normally appear in urine because they are completely reabsorbed unless they are present in blood in excessive amounts.



These include glucose and amino acids.

38
Q

What is tubular secretion

A

Opposite of reabsorption.

Transfer from peritubular capillaries to renal tubules.

Mainly by active transport and passive diffusion.

39
Q

What do diuretics do

A

Can cause the kidneys to produce more urine

40
Q

What is diuresis

A

Increased or excessive production of urine

41
Q

What does the anti diuretic hormone do

A

Decreased the production of urine

42
Q

What is aldosterone

A

A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex
Increases the reabsorption of sodium and water and excretion of potassium.

42
Q

What is aldosterone

A

A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex
Increases the reabsorption of sodium and water and excretion of potassium.

43
Q

What is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A

Released by the atria of the heart
Suppresses the reabsorption of sodium
Increases blood flow and filtration

44
Q

What is the parathyroid hormone and what does it do?

A

Secreted from parathyroid glands
Works together with the hormone calcitonin, from the thyroid gland
Regulates the reabsorption of calcium from the distal collecting tubules.

45
Q

What do ureters do

A

Carry urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Pass toward through the abdominal cavity into the pelvic cavity.

46
Q

What are the three layers of the walls of the ureters?

A

An outer covering of fibrous tissue
A middle layer of smooth muscle fibres
An inner layer of mucosa consists of transitional epithelium.

47
Q

What is the urinary bladder

A

Hollow muscular organ.
Capacity of 700-800ml

48
Q

What three layers make up the wall of the urinary bladder?

A

The outer layer of loose connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves.
The middle layer consists of interlacing smooth muscle fibres and elastic tissue.
The inner mucosa consists of transitional epithelium.

49
Q

What happens when the urinary bladder is empty?

A

When the bladder is empty the inner lining is arranged in folds that disappear gradually as it fills

50
Q

What does the urethra dp

A

Controls outflow of urine from the bladder.

51
Q

What two layers make up the wall of the urethra ?

A

An inner mucosa layer - involuntary control
Outer muscular layer - under voluntary control

52
Q

What its the urethra?

A

The urethra is a canal extending from the neck of bladder at the internal urethral orifice to the exterior at the external urethral orifice

Science for Paramedics 2 (12 decks)

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