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AnaPhy Lec (FINALS) > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

How many Kidney/s and Ureter/ there are?

A

2 kidneys and ureters — One ureter is attached to one kidney delivering the the waster to urinary bladder

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2
Q

What is the function of the Kidney?

A

Main part of filtration — Blood is cleaned; the waste product is removed

It produces urine that contains metabolic waste products, especially the nitrogenous compounds urea and uric acid, excess ions, and some drugs.

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3
Q

It produces urine that contains metabolic waste products, especially the nitrogenous compounds urea and uric acid, excess ions, and some drugs.

A

Kidney

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4
Q

plays a vital part in maintaining homeostasis of water and electrolyte concentrations within the body.

A

Urinary System

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5
Q

The reservoir for the urine

A

Urinary Bladder

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6
Q

The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder

A

Urethra

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7
Q

It contains more than just waste products. It also contains water and other substances, such as ions, that have important roles in the body but are in excess of the body’s needs.

A

Urine bitch

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8
Q

What is the size and shape of Kidney

A
  • A typical adult kidney is 10–12 cm (4–5 in.) long
  • 5–7 cm (2–3 in.) wide
  • 3 cm (1 in.) thick—about the size of a bar of bath soap
  • mass of 135–150 g
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9
Q

Where is the kidney located?

A

sa puxo ko eme

Between 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebra (T12-L3)

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10
Q

Because the kidney is positioned posterior to the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity, the organs are said to be?

A

retroperitoneal

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11
Q

The outer portion of the kidney is called the?

A

Renal Cortex

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12
Q

What are the waste that is discarded through urine?

A

From metabolic reaction:
- Urea
- Ammonia
- Creatine Phosphate
- Uric Acid
- Urobilin (why our pee is yellowish) – nitrogenous wastes

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13
Q

What is the blood ionic compound that is being regulated?

A
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Calcium
  • Fluoride
  • Phosphate
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14
Q

What is the released element in the blood to make it more balance in pH?

A

to make it neutral as possible by releasing the hydrogen ion H+ — is done to conserve the bicarbonate ion

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15
Q

What is the enzyme being regulated by the kidney for the regulation of blood pressure

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

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16
Q

what enzyme is responsible for the pathway Increased renin causes an increase in blood pressure.

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

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17
Q

What hormones are being produced by the kidney

A

Calcitriol and Erythropoietin

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18
Q

hormone for blood production

A

Erythropoietin

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19
Q

the active form of vitamin D; calcium in our blood will be stored on bones

A

Calcitrol

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20
Q

This is the point of attachment — Attachment of the ureter, veins and artery

A

Renal Hilum

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21
Q

a smooth, transparent sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous with the outer coat of the ureter

A

Renal Capsule

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22
Q

Barrier against trauma and maintain the structure of kidney

A

Renal Capsule

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23
Q

is another thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue that anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall

A

Renal Fascia

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24
Q
  • The middle layer
  • is a mass of fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule. It also protects the kidney from trauma and holds it firmly in place within the abdominal cavity
A

Adipose Capsule

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25
Q

Enumerate the Layer of the kidney: (Outer to inner)

A
  • Renal Fascia
  • Adipose Capsule
  • Renal Capsule
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26
Q
  • outer portion — superficial part
  • The structural and functional unit of the kidneys is found in the cortex and is called the nephron.
  • This is where urine formation starts.
    In the cortex, an arteriole, the afferent arteriole, enters each glomerular capsule and then subdivides into a cluster of capillaries, forming the glomerulus.
  • The blood vessel leading away from the glomerulus
    is the efferent arteriole.
A

Renal Cortex

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27
Q
  • Inner portion
  • predominantly composed of the renal pyramids
A

Renal Medulla

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28
Q

It contains the renal loop

A

Renal Pyramid

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29
Q
  • Apex of the renal pyramids
  • Fluids from the nephron end up
  • The base (wider end) of each pyramid faces the renal cortex, and its apex, points toward the renal hilum
A

Renal Papilla

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30
Q

Areas in between the renal pyramids

A

Renal Columns

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31
Q

A cavity that contains vessels and ducts

A

Renal Sinus

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32
Q
  • Cups the renal papila
  • 8 - 18 in numbers
A

Minor Calyx

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33
Q
  • Drains from the minor calyx
  • 2-3 in numbers
A

Major Calyx

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34
Q
  • Wide part of the kidney
  • Rest of the fluid go before passing to ureter
A

Renal Pelvis

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35
Q

Enumerate the flow of fluid in the Kidney to Urinary Bladder

A

Collecting duct → papillary duct → minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal Pelvis → Ureter → Urinary Bladder

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36
Q

What is the Functional Unit of the Kidney?

A

if nephrons sagot mo, tama ka

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37
Q

this is where it filters the fluid to become urine

A

Nephrons ulit sagot wahahaha

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38
Q

Type of Nephrons: Located in Renal Cortex; 80 - 85% are cortical nephrons and much shorter in the loop

A

Cortical Nephrons

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39
Q

Type of Nephrons: Located Renal Medulla; 15 - 20% are juxtamedullary and longer in loop

A

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

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40
Q

This is where the fluid from the blood is filtrated

A

Renal Corpuscle

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41
Q

is the enlarged end of the nephron, indented to form a double-walled chamber, surrounding the Glomerulus

A

Bowman Capsule

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42
Q

is a network of capillaries, blood flows from the afferent arteriole to the glomerulus, and leaves through the efferent arteriole

A

Glomerulus

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43
Q

difference of afferent and efferent arterioles

A

afferent - going
efferent - out

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44
Q

Enumerate the flow of filtrate

A
  1. Renal Corpuscle
  2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
  3. Descending loop of Henle
  4. Ascending loop of Henle
  5. Distal convoluted tubule
  6. Collecting duct
  7. Calyx
  8. Renal pelvis
  9. Ureter
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45
Q

What are the components of Filtration membrane?

A

podocyte cell processes of the Bowman capsule, basement membrane, glomerular capillary

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46
Q

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule → Proximal convoluted tubule → Descending limb of the nephron loop → Ascending limb of the nephron loop → Distal convoluted tubule (drains into collecting duct)

A

Flow of Fluid through a Cortical Nephron

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47
Q

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule → Proximal convoluted tubule → Descending limb of the nephron loop → Thin ascending limb of the nephron loop → Thick ascending limb of the nephron loop → Distal convoluted tubule (drains into collecting duct)

A

Flow of Fluid through a Juxtamedullary Nephron

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48
Q

How many percent does the kidney receive from the resting cardiac output via the right and left renal arteries?

A

20-25%

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49
Q

This is the Vessel that goes away from the heart to circulate to the kidney; direct to abdominal aorta

A

Renal Artery

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50
Q

Supplies blood to the kidney in segments

A

Segmental Artery

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51
Q

artery in between the lobes

A

Interlobar Artery

52
Q

Bow like or arc like — the shape
Follows the base of the pyramid (artery)

A

Arcuate Arteries

53
Q
  • Vessels that distributed to the cortex
  • It will supply the nephrons
A

Cortical Radiate Arteries or Interlobular Arteries

54
Q

what is the blood flow of Cortical Radiate Arteries or Interlobular Arteries

A

Afferent Arterioles → Glomerulus → Efferent Arterioles

55
Q

small vessels around the tube; if its found in renal cortex

A

Peritubular Capillary

56
Q

non-bading; hindi straight naka arc; found in renal medulla

A

Vasa Recta

57
Q

Venules around the tube

A

Peritubular Venules

58
Q

Enumerate the blood flow of arteries in the kidney

A

Blood Flow:
Renal artery → Segmental artery → Interlobar artery → Arcuate arteries → Cortical Radiate Arteries/ Interlobular Arteries → Afferent arteriole → glomerulus → Efferent arteriole

59
Q

Enumerate the blood flow of the kidney

A
  1. Renal artery (direct branch of the abdominal aorta)
  2. Interlobar artery
  3. Arcuate artery
  4. Interlobular artery
  5. Afferent arteriole
  6. Glomerulus
  7. Efferent arteriole
  8. Peritubular capillaries
  9. Vasa recta
  10. Interlobular vein
  11. Arcuate vein
  12. Interlobar vein
60
Q

The movement for fluid to flow from kidney to ureters, to prevent the urine from flowing back and stay at the bladder

A

Peristatlic movement

61
Q

connection for bladder and kidney

A

Ureters

62
Q

opening for ureters

A

Ureteral openings

63
Q

Responsible for expansion of bladder

A

Rugae

64
Q

The floor; inferior portion of the bladder; landmark for ureteral openings

A

Trigone

65
Q

involuntary; pushing down muscle (to urinate)
If bladder is full it then contract squeezing the bladder??

A

Detrusor Muscle

66
Q

sphincter; involuntary part

A

Internal Urethral Sphincter

67
Q

sphincter; voluntary Part

A

External Urethral Sphincter

68
Q

The fluid that filters through the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule is called?

A

glomerular filtrate

69
Q

the membrane of the glomerular capillaries is called?

A

glomerular membrane

70
Q

What is the movement of the filtration membrane?

A

the glomerulus across Bowman’s capsule to form a filtrate

71
Q

How many liters of filtrate are produced in the nephron

A

180 Liters

72
Q

What percentage of filtrate becomes urine and what percentage is reabsorbed?

A

1% become urine and 99% are reabsorbed

73
Q

what percentage of the plasma becomes filtrate

A

19%

74
Q

Water is reabsorbed by the nephron by?

A

osmosis more like osmoSISTER?? eme

75
Q

where do the water and solutes pass before going to peritubular capillaries

A

interstitial fluid

76
Q

what is the function of interstitial fluid in the reabsorption?

A

Solutes are reabsorbed across the wall of the nephron into the interstitial fluid by transport processes

77
Q

____________________ is primary site for reabsorption of solutes and water but the reabsorption and fluid is in the _____

A

Proximal convoluted tubule is primary site for reabsorption of solutes and water but the reabsorption and fluid is in the capillary

78
Q

19% Reabsorption of water and solutes from distal tubule and collecting duct is controlled by

A

Hormones (adh)

79
Q

where do the substances, including by-products that become toxic are secreted?

A

are secreted into nephron from peritubular capillaries

80
Q

Ammonia ______ diffuses into lumen of nephron

A

Ammonia passively diffuses into lumen of nephron

81
Q

H + , K+ , creatinine, histamine, and penicillin are ______ transported into nephron

A

H + , K+ , creatinine, histamine, and penicillin are actively transported into nephron

82
Q

Excess of Sodium, Calcium, Chloride, Uric Acid can saturate the reabsorption of these ions/waste products

A

Kidney stone formation

83
Q

true or false

Kidney stones can’t injure the bladder wall, causing bladder irritation, frequent urination, hematuria

A

False

84
Q

______ stones can pass thru the urethra

A

Smaller kidney stones can pass thru the urethra

85
Q

what therapy can decrease the size of a kidney stone

A

Lithotripsys shock wave therapy

86
Q

True or False

Big kidney stones will require lazer and surgical procedure to get the stones out or make it smaller to pass through the ureter.

A

True sabi ni maam izza

87
Q

what waste product of protein metabolism may accumulate in the blood

A

Creatine

88
Q

damaged nephrons, less than 15% functioning nephrons

A

Kidney Failure

89
Q
  • poor filtration mechanism (measured by estimated glomerular filtration rate)
  • waste products of metabolism, accumulate in the blood, may reach toxic levels, (eg. excess
    Potassium may cause fatal arrhythmias)
A

Kidney Failure

90
Q

acts as an artificial kidney, filtering blood thru a catheter, using a dialyzer to drain excess water, excess Potassium, other toxic products of metabolism

A

Hemodialysis

91
Q

fAngiotensin II acts on adrenal cortex to release

A

Aldosterone

92
Q

it increases the rate of active transport of Na+ in distal tubules and collecting duct (more sodium and water in capillaries, increase blood volume, ergo increase blood pressure)

A

Aldosterone

93
Q

Volume of water in urine decreases to maintain homeostasis

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism

94
Q

Angiotensin-converting enzyme converts angiotensin I to?

A

angiotensin II

95
Q

Renin (produced by the liver) activates angiotensinogen to potent?

A

angiotensin I

96
Q

Angiotensin II causes?

A

vasoconstriction (to increase blood pressure)

97
Q

What hormones regulates the urine output

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH)

98
Q

is secreted by posterior pituitary gland when blood pressure is low?

A

Andtidiuretic Hormone

99
Q

Andtidiuretic Hormone of kidneys acts as?

A

absorb more water (increase water retention) (decrease urine volume)

100
Q

What is the effect Anti Diuretic Hormone Mechanism/ ADH or Vasopressin

A

maintain blood volume and blood pressure, produce little, concentrated urine

101
Q

True or False

When ADH levels decrease, less water is reabsorbed, and produce a large volume of dilute urine

A

True sabi ko

102
Q

Regulation response to low blood pressure?

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism

103
Q

Triggered by low blood pressure:

A

Anti Diuretic Hormone Mechanism/ ADH or Vasopressin

edit: and RAA

104
Q

Triggered by high blood pressure:

A

Anti Natriuretic Hormone Mechanism

105
Q

what is the purpose of Anti Natriuretic Hormone

A

to decrease blood pressure

decreases blood volume and decreases blood pressure

106
Q

ANH is secreted from ______________ in ___________ when blood pressure in right atrium increases

A

ANH is secreted from cardiac muscle cells in right atrium when blood pressure in right atrium increases

107
Q

ANH acts on kidneys to???

A

decrease sodium reabsorption in peritubular capillaries (increased sodium and water in the nephron, increased urine formation)

108
Q

decreases ADH, more urine output

A

Alcohol

109
Q

decreases ADH, increase urine frequency hydroxycinnamic acids characteristic smell of coffee, urine will smell of which if you had too much

A

Coffee

110
Q

Also contains caffeine, also a diuretic

A

Tea

111
Q

unction between bladder and urethra: contracts to keep semen from entering bladder during sex

A

Internal Urinary Spinter (males)

112
Q

a skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra which allows a person to start/stop the flow of urine through the urethra (voluntary control).

A

External Urinary Sphincter (males and females)

113
Q

tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of body

A

Urethra

114
Q

(lined w/ transitional epithelium) can hold up to about 1000 mL of urine

A

Urinary Bladder

115
Q

have a shorter urethra, bacterial infection easily ascends to the urinary bladder The inflammation of the urinary system will give symptoms of dysuria, hematuria, fever, chills, and frequent urge to urinate.

A

Females

116
Q

Total urinary bladder capacity is?

A

1000 mL

117
Q

Activated by a stretch of urinary bladder wall

A

Micturion Reflex

118
Q

The ability to voluntarily inhibit micturition develops at the age of?

A

2 to 3 years.

119
Q

The Micturition Reflex is __________ but can be inhibited or stimulated by higher brain center

A

The Micturition Reflex is an automatic reflex but can be inhibited or stimulated by higher brain center

120
Q

stimulates sensory neurons to inform the brain person needs to urinate

A

Stretching of bladder

121
Q

it travel from the spinal cord back to the bladder causing contraction of the muscles of the urinary bladder wall and at the same time relaxing the urinary sphincters?

A

Parasympathetic action potentials

122
Q

Action potentials are conducted from?

A

bladder to spinal cord through pelvic nerves

123
Q

Yellowish, clear, no protein, no glucose, bacteria only up to 10/HPF, no RBC, ph 4.5 - 8,

A

Normal Urinalysis

124
Q

concentrates filtrate

A

Descending Loop of Henle

125
Q

primary site for reabsorption of solutes and water

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

AnaPhy Lec (FINALS) (5 decks)

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