Urinary System Flashcards
How many Kidney/s and Ureter/ there are?
2 kidneys and ureters — One ureter is attached to one kidney delivering the the waster to urinary bladder
What is the function of the Kidney?
Main part of filtration — Blood is cleaned; the waste product is removed
It produces urine that contains metabolic waste products, especially the nitrogenous compounds urea and uric acid, excess ions, and some drugs.
It produces urine that contains metabolic waste products, especially the nitrogenous compounds urea and uric acid, excess ions, and some drugs.
Kidney
plays a vital part in maintaining homeostasis of water and electrolyte concentrations within the body.
Urinary System
The reservoir for the urine
Urinary Bladder
The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder
Urethra
It contains more than just waste products. It also contains water and other substances, such as ions, that have important roles in the body but are in excess of the body’s needs.
Urine bitch
What is the size and shape of Kidney
- A typical adult kidney is 10–12 cm (4–5 in.) long
- 5–7 cm (2–3 in.) wide
- 3 cm (1 in.) thick—about the size of a bar of bath soap
- mass of 135–150 g
Where is the kidney located?
sa puxo ko eme
Between 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebra (T12-L3)
Because the kidney is positioned posterior to the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity, the organs are said to be?
retroperitoneal
The outer portion of the kidney is called the?
Renal Cortex
What are the waste that is discarded through urine?
From metabolic reaction:
- Urea
- Ammonia
- Creatine Phosphate
- Uric Acid
- Urobilin (why our pee is yellowish) – nitrogenous wastes
What is the blood ionic compound that is being regulated?
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Calcium
- Fluoride
- Phosphate
What is the released element in the blood to make it more balance in pH?
to make it neutral as possible by releasing the hydrogen ion H+ — is done to conserve the bicarbonate ion
What is the enzyme being regulated by the kidney for the regulation of blood pressure
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
what enzyme is responsible for the pathway Increased renin causes an increase in blood pressure.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
What hormones are being produced by the kidney
Calcitriol and Erythropoietin
hormone for blood production
Erythropoietin
the active form of vitamin D; calcium in our blood will be stored on bones
Calcitrol
This is the point of attachment — Attachment of the ureter, veins and artery
Renal Hilum
a smooth, transparent sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous with the outer coat of the ureter
Renal Capsule
Barrier against trauma and maintain the structure of kidney
Renal Capsule
is another thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue that anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall
Renal Fascia
- The middle layer
- is a mass of fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule. It also protects the kidney from trauma and holds it firmly in place within the abdominal cavity
Adipose Capsule
Enumerate the Layer of the kidney: (Outer to inner)
- Renal Fascia
- Adipose Capsule
- Renal Capsule
- outer portion — superficial part
- The structural and functional unit of the kidneys is found in the cortex and is called the nephron.
- This is where urine formation starts.
In the cortex, an arteriole, the afferent arteriole, enters each glomerular capsule and then subdivides into a cluster of capillaries, forming the glomerulus. - The blood vessel leading away from the glomerulus
is the efferent arteriole.
Renal Cortex
- Inner portion
- predominantly composed of the renal pyramids
Renal Medulla
It contains the renal loop
Renal Pyramid
- Apex of the renal pyramids
- Fluids from the nephron end up
- The base (wider end) of each pyramid faces the renal cortex, and its apex, points toward the renal hilum
Renal Papilla
Areas in between the renal pyramids
Renal Columns
A cavity that contains vessels and ducts
Renal Sinus
- Cups the renal papila
- 8 - 18 in numbers
Minor Calyx
- Drains from the minor calyx
- 2-3 in numbers
Major Calyx
- Wide part of the kidney
- Rest of the fluid go before passing to ureter
Renal Pelvis
Enumerate the flow of fluid in the Kidney to Urinary Bladder
Collecting duct → papillary duct → minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal Pelvis → Ureter → Urinary Bladder
What is the Functional Unit of the Kidney?
if nephrons sagot mo, tama ka
this is where it filters the fluid to become urine
Nephrons ulit sagot wahahaha
Type of Nephrons: Located in Renal Cortex; 80 - 85% are cortical nephrons and much shorter in the loop
Cortical Nephrons
Type of Nephrons: Located Renal Medulla; 15 - 20% are juxtamedullary and longer in loop
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
This is where the fluid from the blood is filtrated
Renal Corpuscle
is the enlarged end of the nephron, indented to form a double-walled chamber, surrounding the Glomerulus
Bowman Capsule
is a network of capillaries, blood flows from the afferent arteriole to the glomerulus, and leaves through the efferent arteriole
Glomerulus
difference of afferent and efferent arterioles
afferent - going
efferent - out
Enumerate the flow of filtrate
- Renal Corpuscle
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule
- Descending loop of Henle
- Ascending loop of Henle
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Collecting duct
- Calyx
- Renal pelvis
- Ureter
What are the components of Filtration membrane?
podocyte cell processes of the Bowman capsule, basement membrane, glomerular capillary
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule → Proximal convoluted tubule → Descending limb of the nephron loop → Ascending limb of the nephron loop → Distal convoluted tubule (drains into collecting duct)
Flow of Fluid through a Cortical Nephron
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule → Proximal convoluted tubule → Descending limb of the nephron loop → Thin ascending limb of the nephron loop → Thick ascending limb of the nephron loop → Distal convoluted tubule (drains into collecting duct)
Flow of Fluid through a Juxtamedullary Nephron
How many percent does the kidney receive from the resting cardiac output via the right and left renal arteries?
20-25%
This is the Vessel that goes away from the heart to circulate to the kidney; direct to abdominal aorta
Renal Artery
Supplies blood to the kidney in segments
Segmental Artery
artery in between the lobes
Interlobar Artery
Bow like or arc like — the shape
Follows the base of the pyramid (artery)
Arcuate Arteries
- Vessels that distributed to the cortex
- It will supply the nephrons
Cortical Radiate Arteries or Interlobular Arteries
what is the blood flow of Cortical Radiate Arteries or Interlobular Arteries
Afferent Arterioles → Glomerulus → Efferent Arterioles
small vessels around the tube; if its found in renal cortex
Peritubular Capillary
non-bading; hindi straight naka arc; found in renal medulla
Vasa Recta
Venules around the tube
Peritubular Venules
Enumerate the blood flow of arteries in the kidney
Blood Flow:
Renal artery → Segmental artery → Interlobar artery → Arcuate arteries → Cortical Radiate Arteries/ Interlobular Arteries → Afferent arteriole → glomerulus → Efferent arteriole
Enumerate the blood flow of the kidney
- Renal artery (direct branch of the abdominal aorta)
- Interlobar artery
- Arcuate artery
- Interlobular artery
- Afferent arteriole
- Glomerulus
- Efferent arteriole
- Peritubular capillaries
- Vasa recta
- Interlobular vein
- Arcuate vein
- Interlobar vein
The movement for fluid to flow from kidney to ureters, to prevent the urine from flowing back and stay at the bladder
Peristatlic movement
connection for bladder and kidney
Ureters
opening for ureters
Ureteral openings
Responsible for expansion of bladder
Rugae
The floor; inferior portion of the bladder; landmark for ureteral openings
Trigone
involuntary; pushing down muscle (to urinate)
If bladder is full it then contract squeezing the bladder??
Detrusor Muscle
sphincter; involuntary part
Internal Urethral Sphincter
sphincter; voluntary Part
External Urethral Sphincter
The fluid that filters through the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule is called?
glomerular filtrate
the membrane of the glomerular capillaries is called?
glomerular membrane
What is the movement of the filtration membrane?
the glomerulus across Bowman’s capsule to form a filtrate
How many liters of filtrate are produced in the nephron
180 Liters
What percentage of filtrate becomes urine and what percentage is reabsorbed?
1% become urine and 99% are reabsorbed
what percentage of the plasma becomes filtrate
19%
Water is reabsorbed by the nephron by?
osmosis more like osmoSISTER?? eme
where do the water and solutes pass before going to peritubular capillaries
interstitial fluid
what is the function of interstitial fluid in the reabsorption?
Solutes are reabsorbed across the wall of the nephron into the interstitial fluid by transport processes
____________________ is primary site for reabsorption of solutes and water but the reabsorption and fluid is in the _____
Proximal convoluted tubule is primary site for reabsorption of solutes and water but the reabsorption and fluid is in the capillary
19% Reabsorption of water and solutes from distal tubule and collecting duct is controlled by
Hormones (adh)
where do the substances, including by-products that become toxic are secreted?
are secreted into nephron from peritubular capillaries
Ammonia ______ diffuses into lumen of nephron
Ammonia passively diffuses into lumen of nephron
H + , K+ , creatinine, histamine, and penicillin are ______ transported into nephron
H + , K+ , creatinine, histamine, and penicillin are actively transported into nephron
Excess of Sodium, Calcium, Chloride, Uric Acid can saturate the reabsorption of these ions/waste products
Kidney stone formation
true or false
Kidney stones can’t injure the bladder wall, causing bladder irritation, frequent urination, hematuria
False
______ stones can pass thru the urethra
Smaller kidney stones can pass thru the urethra
what therapy can decrease the size of a kidney stone
Lithotripsys shock wave therapy
True or False
Big kidney stones will require lazer and surgical procedure to get the stones out or make it smaller to pass through the ureter.
True sabi ni maam izza
what waste product of protein metabolism may accumulate in the blood
Creatine
damaged nephrons, less than 15% functioning nephrons
Kidney Failure
- poor filtration mechanism (measured by estimated glomerular filtration rate)
- waste products of metabolism, accumulate in the blood, may reach toxic levels, (eg. excess
Potassium may cause fatal arrhythmias)
Kidney Failure
acts as an artificial kidney, filtering blood thru a catheter, using a dialyzer to drain excess water, excess Potassium, other toxic products of metabolism
Hemodialysis
fAngiotensin II acts on adrenal cortex to release
Aldosterone
it increases the rate of active transport of Na+ in distal tubules and collecting duct (more sodium and water in capillaries, increase blood volume, ergo increase blood pressure)
Aldosterone
Volume of water in urine decreases to maintain homeostasis
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism
Angiotensin-converting enzyme converts angiotensin I to?
angiotensin II
Renin (produced by the liver) activates angiotensinogen to potent?
angiotensin I
Angiotensin II causes?
vasoconstriction (to increase blood pressure)
What hormones regulates the urine output
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH)
is secreted by posterior pituitary gland when blood pressure is low?
Andtidiuretic Hormone
Andtidiuretic Hormone of kidneys acts as?
absorb more water (increase water retention) (decrease urine volume)
What is the effect Anti Diuretic Hormone Mechanism/ ADH or Vasopressin
maintain blood volume and blood pressure, produce little, concentrated urine
True or False
When ADH levels decrease, less water is reabsorbed, and produce a large volume of dilute urine
True sabi ko
Regulation response to low blood pressure?
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism
Triggered by low blood pressure:
Anti Diuretic Hormone Mechanism/ ADH or Vasopressin
edit: and RAA
Triggered by high blood pressure:
Anti Natriuretic Hormone Mechanism
what is the purpose of Anti Natriuretic Hormone
to decrease blood pressure
decreases blood volume and decreases blood pressure
ANH is secreted from ______________ in ___________ when blood pressure in right atrium increases
ANH is secreted from cardiac muscle cells in right atrium when blood pressure in right atrium increases
ANH acts on kidneys to???
decrease sodium reabsorption in peritubular capillaries (increased sodium and water in the nephron, increased urine formation)
decreases ADH, more urine output
Alcohol
decreases ADH, increase urine frequency hydroxycinnamic acids characteristic smell of coffee, urine will smell of which if you had too much
Coffee
Also contains caffeine, also a diuretic
Tea
unction between bladder and urethra: contracts to keep semen from entering bladder during sex
Internal Urinary Spinter (males)
a skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra which allows a person to start/stop the flow of urine through the urethra (voluntary control).
External Urinary Sphincter (males and females)
tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of body
Urethra
(lined w/ transitional epithelium) can hold up to about 1000 mL of urine
Urinary Bladder
have a shorter urethra, bacterial infection easily ascends to the urinary bladder The inflammation of the urinary system will give symptoms of dysuria, hematuria, fever, chills, and frequent urge to urinate.
Females
Total urinary bladder capacity is?
1000 mL
Activated by a stretch of urinary bladder wall
Micturion Reflex
The ability to voluntarily inhibit micturition develops at the age of?
2 to 3 years.
The Micturition Reflex is __________ but can be inhibited or stimulated by higher brain center
The Micturition Reflex is an automatic reflex but can be inhibited or stimulated by higher brain center
stimulates sensory neurons to inform the brain person needs to urinate
Stretching of bladder
it travel from the spinal cord back to the bladder causing contraction of the muscles of the urinary bladder wall and at the same time relaxing the urinary sphincters?
Parasympathetic action potentials
Action potentials are conducted from?
bladder to spinal cord through pelvic nerves
Yellowish, clear, no protein, no glucose, bacteria only up to 10/HPF, no RBC, ph 4.5 - 8,
Normal Urinalysis
concentrates filtrate
Descending Loop of Henle
primary site for reabsorption of solutes and water
Proximal convoluted tubule
