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Year Two - Anatomy > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the urinary system?

A

To regulate body fluid volume and electrolyte balance

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2
Q

What two processes allow the urinary system to carry out its functions?

A

Blood filtration

Blood pressure regulation

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3
Q

In what two cavities are the urinary system located?

A

Abdomino-pelvic cavity

Perineum

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4
Q

In which gender are the reproductive and urinary stern connected? Through which structure are they connected by?

A

Males

Urethra

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5
Q

List the four components of the urinary system

A

Kidneys

Ureter

Bladder

Urethra

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6
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

They maintain homeostasis by blood filtration

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7
Q

What is the function of the ureter?

A

It carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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8
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

It stores urine, allowing urination to be controlled

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9
Q

What are the two functions of urethra?

A

It carries urine from the bladder to the external urethral orrifice (outside the body)

It carries semen outside the body

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10
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

They lie in the paravertebral gutters on the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the vertebral column

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11
Q

At which vertebral level are the kidneys located?

A

Between T12-L3

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12
Q

What is the hilum of the kidney?

A

The section of the kidney through which blood vessels and the ureter enter and exit

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13
Q

Where is the hilum of the kidney located?

A

On the medial concave border of the kidney

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14
Q

At what plane is the hilum of the kidney situated?

A

Transpyloric plane

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15
Q

What is the transpyloric plane?

A

It is an imaginary plane located at L1

It lies halfway between the jugular notch and the superior border of the pubic symphysis

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16
Q

Name four structures that lie on the transpyloric plane

A

Pylorus of the stomach

Duodenal-jejunal flexure

Pancreas neck

Hilum of the kidneys

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17
Q

What kidney is lower? Why?

A

Right

It sits underneath the liver

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18
Q

What are the four layers that enclose the kidney - in order from innermost to outermost?

A

Fibrous renal capsule

Perirenal fatty tissue

Perirenal fascia

Pararenal fatty tissue

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19
Q

Where is the pararenal fatty tissue of the kidney mainly located?

A

The posterior aspect of the kidney

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20
Q

Why is it important that there is fatty tissue around the kidneys?

A

This provides protection to the kidneys from trauma and damage

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21
Q

What three muscles are related posteriorly to the kidney?

A

Transversus abdominis

Psoas major

Quadratus lumborum

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22
Q

What respiratory structure is the kidney closely related to?

A

Diaphragm

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23
Q

What is the position of the kidney during inspiration and expiration?

A

They move with respiration, changing from a supine to erect position

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24
Q

How are the organs of the urinary system peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal (partially - as it depends upon the organs it is in contact with)

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25
Q

What two parts of the GI tract are retroperitoneal?

A

Ascending colon

Descending colon

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26
Q

What is the anterior surface of the kidneys related to?

A

The viscera of the GI system

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27
Q

How many structures is the right kidney in contact with?

A

Five

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28
Q

What are the five structures that the right kidney are in contact with?

A

Suprarenal gland

Liver

Duodenum

Right colic flexure of ascending colon

Descending colon

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29
Q

How many structures is the left kidney in contact with?

A

Six

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30
Q

What are the six structures that the left kidney are in contact with?

A

Suprarenal gland

Spleen

Stomach

Tail of pancreas

Duodenum

Descending Colon

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31
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerves of the kidney originate? Where do the sensory afferent nerves of the kidney originate?

A

T10 - L1 spinal segments

T11 - L5 spinal segments

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32
Q

How do the sympathetic nerves travel to the kidney from their origin?

A

They pass through the coeliac ganglia and along the renal artery

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33
Q

Where do the parasympathetic nerves of the kidney originate?

A

Vagus nerve

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34
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the kidneys? Where are these located?

A

Para-aortic lymph nodes

Origin of the renal arteries, around L1

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35
Q

What embryological structure do the kidneys develop from?

A

Urogenital ridge

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36
Q

What embryological structure does the ureter develop from?

A

Urerteric bud

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37
Q

What are three embryological complications that involve the kidney?

A

Development of one kidney

Duplicate ureter

Horseshoe kidney

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38
Q

What are the three internal regions of the kidney?

A

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Renal pelvis

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39
Q

What are the three structures that make up the renal medulla?

A

Renal pyramids

Renal columns

Renal papillae

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40
Q

What are the renal pyramids?

A

The pyramidal masses of renal tissue

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41
Q

What are the renal columns?

A

The spaces between the renal pyramids, through which blood vessels pass

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42
Q

What are the renal papillae?

A

The tips of the renal pyramids that point towards the renal pelvis

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43
Q

What are the two callices of the renal pelvis?

A

Major calyx

Minor calyx

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44
Q

What is the function of the callices of the kidney?

A

The renal calyces are chambers of the kidney through which urine passes

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45
Q

What do the minor calyx fuse to form?

A

Major calyx

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46
Q

What do the major calyx fuse to form?

A

Renal pelvis

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47
Q

What component of the kidney is more dense - inner medulla or outer cortex?

A

Outer cortex

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48
Q

On a histological image of nephrons, how do we locate the Bowman’s space?

A

It is the space located between the visceral and parietal layer of the glomerulus

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49
Q

What arteries supply the kidneys?

A

Renal arteries

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50
Q

What veins drain the kidneys?

A

Renal veins

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51
Q

What are the renal arteries a branch of?

A

Abdominal aorta

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52
Q

Where do the renal veins drain into?

A

Inferior vena cava

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53
Q

Where is the IVC located in relation to the abdominal aorta?

A

The IVC is on the right hand side of the body

The abdominal aorta is on the left hand side of the body

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54
Q

At what level do the renal arteries branch off the abdominal aorta?

A

L1-L2

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55
Q

What happens to the renal arteries at the hilum of the kidney?

A

They divide into five segmental arteries which supply each of the five renal segments; apical, anterosuperior, anteroinferior, posterior and inferior

56
Q

What renal vein is longer?

A

Left renal vein

57
Q

How does the left renal vein travel relative to the aorta?

A

It travels anterior to the aorta

58
Q

What renal artery is longer?

A

Right renal artery

59
Q

How does the right renal artery travel relative to the IVC?

A

It travels posterior to the IVC

60
Q

What veins drain into the left renal vein on the left side and the IVC on the right side?

A

Gonadal veins (ovarian/testicular)

Adrenal veins

61
Q

Where does the proximal portion of the ureter lie?

A

Abdominal cavity

62
Q

Where does the distal portion of the ureter lie?

A

Pelvic cavity

63
Q

Where does the ureter originate from?

A

The renal pelvis

64
Q

How is the ureter positioned in relation to the renal vessels?

A

Posterior

65
Q

Which muscle does the ureter lie on?

A

Psoas major

66
Q

What arterial structure does the ureter pass as it travels towards the bladder?

A

The bifurcation of the common iliac arteries

67
Q

What male structure passes over the ureter superiorly?

A

Vas deferens

68
Q

What female structure passes over the ureter superiorly?

A

Uterine artery

69
Q

Where are the three constrictions of the ureter positioned?

A

Ureteropelvic junction, which is the junction between the ureters and renal pelvis

Pelvic brim

Bladder wall

70
Q

Why are the three constriction points of the ureter clinically important?

A

In these locations, kidney stones tend to lodge

71
Q

What are the three openings within the urinary bladder referred to as?

A

Right ureteric orifice

Left ureteric orifice

Urethral orifice

72
Q

What is the trigone of the urinary bladder? What forms it?

A

The trigone is a smooth triangular region of the urinary bladder

The two ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice

73
Q

What is the function of the trigone in the urinary bladder?

A

The area expands and once stretched to a certain degree, it signals the brain that it needs emptied

74
Q

Where does the ureter enter the urinary bladder?

A

Ureteric orifices in trigone

75
Q

What part of the urinary bladder does the urethra exit?

A

The neck of the urinary bladder

76
Q

What is the function of the apex in the urinary bladder?

A

It is the site from which the medial umbilical ligaments ascend to the umbilicus

77
Q

What is an embryological remnant of the urinary bladder apex?

A

Urachus

78
Q

What are the two sphincters within the urinary bladder? Which is voluntary and involuntary?

A

Internal urethral sphincter - involuntary (smooth muscle)

External urethral sphincter - voluntary (skeletal muscle)

79
Q

What are the four tissue types that make up the urinary bladder walls?

A

Serosa

Smooth muscle

Submucosa

Mucosa

80
Q

What bone lies immediately anterior to the urinary bladder?

A

Pubic symphysis

81
Q

In males, list three reasons for an enlarged bladder?

A

UTI

Enlarged prostate

Weak bladder muscles

82
Q

What are three symptoms of an enlarged bladder?

A

Painful urination

Abdominal pain

Urinary incontinence

83
Q

What type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder and ureter? Why?

A

Specialised transitional epithelium

It can stretch as the bladder fills and is impermeable to water

84
Q

What part of the urinary bladder does the urethra arise from?

A

Inferior

85
Q

Describe the course that the urethra travels through

A

The pelvic diaphragm and into the perineum

86
Q

What do the ureters align with? Why is this clinically relevant?

A

The transverse process tips of the lumbar vertebrae

This allows us to identify ureters on x-ray images

87
Q

Why do the kidneys enlarge when there is a stone present in its ureter?

A

There is a build up of fluid in the kidneys

88
Q

What contrast is used to highlight structures on an MRI?

A

Gadolinium

89
Q

How can we easily differentiate between T1 and T2 weighted MRIs?

A

CSF is dark on T1-weighted imaging and bright on T2-weighted imaging

90
Q

What predominant tissue type makes up the urinary bladder?

A

Smooth muscle

91
Q

What is the most posterior structure at the hilum of the right kidney?

A

Ureter

92
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located in an ectopic kidney?

A

In its usual position

93
Q

What lymph nodes drain the urinary bladder?

A

The external iliac lymph nodes - suprapubic part

The internal iliac lymph nodes - infrapubic part

94
Q

Which structure lies most anteriorly at the hilum of the left kidney?

A

Left renal vein

95
Q

Which structure is not directly related to the left adrenal gland?

A

Lesser curvature of the stomach

96
Q

What is the primary site of venous drainage of the urinary bladder?

A

Vesicoprostatic plexus

97
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

A fatty compartment located within the medial aspect of the kidney

98
Q

What does the renal sinus communicate with?

A

The perinephric space

99
Q

What main structure is contained within the renal sinus?

A

The renal hilum

100
Q

Which two nerves run obliquely on the posterior surface of the kidney?

A

Iliohypogastric nerve

Illioinguinal nerve

101
Q

What nerves supply the ureter?

A

The visceral, sensory fibres of T12-L2

102
Q

What three arteries supply the ureter?

A

Renal artery

Gonadal arteries

Abdominal aorta

103
Q

Which two veins drain the ureter?

A

Renal veins

Gonadal veins

104
Q

What is the structural relationship of the renal hilum - from anterior to posterior?

A

Vein

Artery

Ureter

105
Q

What aspect of the urinary bladder is peritonised?

A

The superior aspect

106
Q

What are the two pouches of the urinary bladder peritoneum (female)?

A

Vesicle uterine pouch

Rectouterine pouch, also known as the pouch of Doulglas

107
Q

Why is the pouch of Douglas clinically significant?

A

If there is an accumulation of fluid in the pouch of Douglas, it can be approached via the posterior vaginal fornix for drainage

108
Q

Which pouch of the urinary bladder peritoneum is present in males?

A

Rectovesical pouch, also known as the pouch of Doulglas

109
Q

What are the four divisions of the male urethra?

A

Preprostatic part of the urethra

Prostatic part of the urethra

Membranous part of the urethra

Spongy part of the urethra

110
Q

What nerve supplies the urethra?

A

Pudendal nerve

111
Q

What is the widest division of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic part of the urethra

112
Q

What is the narrowest division of the male urethra?

A

Membranous part of the urethra

113
Q

What artery supplies the urinary bladder?

A

Internal iliac artery branches

114
Q

What vein drains the urinary bladder?

A

Internal iliac veins

115
Q

What sympathetic nerves supply the urinary bladder?

A

T11-L2

116
Q

What parasympathetic nerves supply the urinary bladder?

A

Pelvic sphlanic nerves, S2-S4

117
Q

What somatic nerve supplies the urinary bladder?

A

Pudendal nerve

118
Q

What autonomic nerve supplies the urinary bladder?

A

Hypogastric nerve

119
Q

What nerves innervate the internal urinary bladder sphincter?

A

Autonomic nerves

120
Q

What nerves innervate the external urinary bladder sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve

121
Q

Which cells line the visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Epithelial cells, known as podocytes

122
Q

Which cells line the parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

123
Q

What is the uriniferous tubule?

A

The nephron and collecting tubule

124
Q

What is a nephron?

A

The renal corpuscles and renal tubules

125
Q

What is a renal corpuscle?

A

The glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

126
Q

What are the three renal tubules?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

Distal convoluted tubule

Loop of Henle - ascending and descending segment

127
Q

Which epithelium lines the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the kidney?

A

Cuboidal epithelium

128
Q

Which epithelium lines the loop of Henle?

A

Squamous epithelium

129
Q

Which epithelium lines the collecting duct?

A

Cuboidal epithelium

130
Q

What structures of the uriniferous tubule lie in the cortex of the kidney?

A

Glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule

131
Q

What structures of the uriniferous tubule lie in the medulla of the kidney?

A

Loop of Henle

132
Q

What two structures form the upper urinary tract?

A

Kidneys

Ureters

133
Q

What three structures form the lower urinary tract?

A

Bladder

Prostate (males only)

Urethra

134
Q

What happens to the renal vessels as the kidneys move up during embryological development?

A

They break down and reform

135
Q

What artery lies superior to the SMA?

A

Coeliac artery

136
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens?

A

It carries semen from the testes to the urethra

137
Q

Do we disturb the peritoneum during suprapubic catheterisation? Why?

A

No

Peritoneal pouches

Year Two - Anatomy (7 decks)

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