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Year Two - Anatomy > Neurology System > Flashcards

Neurology System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three components of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

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2
Q

What cranial fossa is the brainstem contained in?

A

Posterior

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3
Q

What two vesicles of the neural tube form the brainstem?

A

Midbrain

Hindbrain

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4
Q

What two ventricles are contained within the brainstem?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

Fourth ventricle

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5
Q

What groove separates the pons and the medulla?

A

Pontomedullary junction

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6
Q

What four nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction?

A

CN IX

CN X

CN XI

CN XII

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7
Q

What three structures are seen on the ventral aspect of the medulla?

A

Olives

Pyramids

Cranial Nerves

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8
Q

What cranial nerve has the longest intracranial course?

A

CN X

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9
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve originate from?

A

The lateral surface of the pons

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10
Q

What lies superior to the midbrain?

A

Diencephalon

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11
Q

What lies inferior to the midbrain?

A

Pons

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12
Q

What three structures make up the diecenphalon?

A

Epithalamus

Hypothalamus

Thalamus

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13
Q

What lies superior to the diencephalon?

A

Cerebrum

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14
Q

What lies inferior to the diecephalon?

A

Brainstem

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15
Q

What is another name for the epithalamus?

A

Pineal gland

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16
Q

What midline structure connects the two cerebellar hemispheres?

A

Vermis

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17
Q

What are the three lobes of the cerebellum?

A

Anterior lobe

Posterior lobe

Flocculonodular lobe

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18
Q

What ventricle lies anterior to the cerebellum?

A

Fourth ventricle

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19
Q

What foramen does the cerebellum sit above?

A

Foramen magnum

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20
Q

What part of the cerebellum sits above the foramen magnum?

A

Cerebellar tonsils

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21
Q

What is coning herniation?

A

When the cerebellar tonsils herniate through the foramen magnum

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22
Q

What fissure separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Median longitudinal fissure

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23
Q

What type of nerve fibres make up the corpus callosum?

A

Commissural

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24
Q

What do the anterior aspect of the cerebral hemispheres sit on top of?

A

Anterior cranial fossa

Middle cranial fossa

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25
Q

What do the posterior aspect of the cerebral hemispheres sit on top of?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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26
Q

What is tentorium cerebelli?

A

A fold of dura matter

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27
Q

In which lobe is the primary motor cortex located?

A

Frontal

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28
Q

In which lobe is the primary sensory cortex located?

A

Parietal

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29
Q

In which lobe is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Parietal

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30
Q

In which lobe is the primary visual cortex located?

A

Occipital

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31
Q

In which lobe is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

Temporal

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32
Q

In which lobe is Broca’s areas located?

A

Frontal

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33
Q

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate in adults?

A

L2

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34
Q

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate in newborns?

A

L3

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35
Q

At what vertebral level does the dura mater terminate?

A

S3

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36
Q

At what vertebral level does the arachnoid mater terminate?

A

S2

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37
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

The space between the end of the spinal cord and the termination of the dura and the arachnoid mater

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38
Q

What happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord?

A

It extends to form denticulate ligaments, which anchor the spinal cord to the dura mater

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39
Q

At what vertebral level do we perform a lumbar puncture on an adult?

A

L3-L4

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40
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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41
Q

What two arteries supply blood to the brain?

A

Vertebral arteries

Internal carotid arteries

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42
Q

Where do the vertebral and internal carotid arteries meet?

A

Circle of Willis

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43
Q

What are the left and right vertebral arteries branches of?

A

The common carotid artery

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44
Q

At what vertebral level do the left and right internal carotid arteries arise?

A

C4

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45
Q

What do the two vertebral arteries form?

A

Basilar artery

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46
Q

What is the basilar artery close to?

A

Pons

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47
Q

What two arteries does the posterior communicating artery connect?

A

The internal carotid artery to the posterior cerebral artery

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48
Q

What two arteries does the anterior communicating artery connect?

A

The two anterior cerebral arteries

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49
Q

In what groove does the anterior cerebral artery run?

A

Medial longitudinal fissure

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50
Q

In what groove does the middle cerebral artery run?

A

Lateral sulcus

51
Q

What artery supplies the primary motor cortex?

A

Middle cerebral artery

52
Q

What artery supplies the primary sensory cortex?

A

Middle cerebral artery

53
Q

What artery supplies the primary visual cortex?

A

Posterior cerebral artery

54
Q

What artery supplies the primary auditory cortex?

A

Middle cerebral artery

55
Q

What structures do the vertebra-basilar system supply?

A

Brainstem

Cerebellum

Posterior aspect of the cerebrum

56
Q

What cranial nerve emerges just above the superior cerebellar artery?

A

CN V

57
Q

What is the carotid sinus?

A

This is a dilatation located on the terminal part of the common carotid artery

58
Q

What is the function of the carotid sinus?

A

To monitor the flow of blood to the head

59
Q

What two cranial nerves run in the carotid sinus?

A

CN IX

CN X

60
Q

What is the carotid body?

A

This is an area on the posterior wall of the terminal part of the common carotid artery

61
Q

What is the function of the carotid body?

A

It contains chemoreceptors which are sensitive to low oxygen levels

62
Q

What cranial nerve runs in the carotid body?

A

CN IX

63
Q

Where is the sympathetic motor plexus?

A

Around the ICA

64
Q

How does the sympathetic motor plexus enter the skull?

A

Carotid canal, which is the main branch of the ICA

65
Q

Where are dural venous sinuses located?

A

Between the periosteum and the cranial dura

66
Q

In which vein do the dural venous sinuses drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

67
Q

What foramen does the IJV pass through?

A

Jugular foramen

68
Q

What vein drains into the cavernous sinus?

A

Superior ophthalmic vein

69
Q

What is the superior ophthalmic vein continuous with?

A

Facial vein

70
Q

What three veins drain into the cavernous sinus?

A

Superior ophthalmic vein

Inferior ophthalmic vein

Superficial middle cerebral vein

71
Q

What two structures in the skull base is the cavernous sinus related to?

A

Sphenoid paranasal sinuses

Pituitary gland

72
Q

What nerve is contained within the cavernous sinus?

A

Optic nerve

73
Q

What arteries fuse to form the anterior spinal artery?

A

Vertebral arteries

74
Q

What arteries fuse to form the posterior spinal artery?

A

Vertebral arteries

75
Q

What is contained within the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF

76
Q

What structure do the flax cerebri separate?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

77
Q

What are the fax cerebri attached to?

A

Crista galli

78
Q

Which sinus runs superiorly to the falx cerebri?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

79
Q

Which sinus runs inferiorly to the falx cerebri?

A

Inferior sagittal sinus

80
Q

What is the diaphragm sellae?

A

A dural fold which separates the two cerebellar hemispheres

81
Q

What is the middle meningeal artery a branch of?

A

The maxillary artery

82
Q

Which foramen does the middle meningeal artery pass through?

A

Foramen spinosum

83
Q

What is the maxillary artery a branch of?

A

External carotid artery

84
Q

In what structure does the external carotid artery branch off into the maxillary artery?

A

Parotid gland

85
Q

Where is the lateral ventricle found?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

86
Q

Where is the third ventricle found?

A

Diencephalon

87
Q

What secretes CSF?

A

Choroidal epithelial cells

88
Q

In what sinus is CSF reabsorbed?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

89
Q

What separates the two anterior horns of the lateral ventricles?

A

Septum pellucidum

90
Q

What does the septum pellucidum continue with superiorly?

A

Corpus callosum

91
Q

What does the septum pellucidum continue with inferiorly?

A

Fornix

92
Q

What is the fornix?

A

A bundle of fibres which link the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus

93
Q

What is the bulbous projection on the floor of the lateral ventricle?

A

Caudate nucleus

94
Q

What are the basal ganglia?

A

Collections of neuronal cell bodies within the cerebral hemispheres

95
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A

A sensory relay area

96
Q

What is the thalamus made up of?

A

Smaller masses of grey matter nuclei

97
Q

Where does sensory information enter the thalamus?

A

Ventro-postero-lateral (VPL) nucleus

98
Q

What is superior to the pineal gland?

A

Thalamus

99
Q

What is inferior to the pineal gland?

A

Colliculi of midbrain

100
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

A collection of myelinated axons (white matter)

101
Q

What are the three components of the internal capsule?

A

Anterior limb

Genu

Posterior limb

102
Q

What artery supplies the internal capsule?

A

Middle cerebral artery

103
Q

What lies posterior to the substantial nigra?

A

Posterior

104
Q

What opening does the CN I pass through?

A

Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

105
Q

What opening does the CN II pass through?

A

Optic canal

106
Q

What opening does the CN III pass through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

107
Q

What opening does the CN IV pass through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

108
Q

What opening does the CN V1 pass through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

109
Q

What opening does the CN V2 pass through?

A

Foramen rotundum

110
Q

What opening does the CN V3 pass through?

A

Foramen ovale

111
Q

What opening does the CN VI pass through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

112
Q

What opening does the CN VII pass through?

A

Sytlomastoid foramen

113
Q

What opening does the CN VIII pass through?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

114
Q

What opening does the CN IX pass through?

A

Jugular foramen

115
Q

What opening does the CN X pass through?

A

Jugular foramen

116
Q

What opening does the CN XI pass through?

A

Jugular foramen

117
Q

What opening does the CN XII pass through?

A

Hypoglossal canal

118
Q

Which of the cranial nerves has a parasympathetic component?

A

CNIII, CN VII, CN IX, CN X

119
Q

Which cranial nerves are attached to the midbrain?

A

CNI - CNIII

120
Q

Which cranial nerve arises from the posterior aspect of the brain?

A

CN IV

121
Q

Which cranial nerve is attached directly to the pons?

A

CN V

122
Q

Which cranial nerves are attached to the pontomedulalry junction?

A

CN V - CN VIII

123
Q

Which cranial nerves are attached to the medulla?

A

CN IX - CN XII

124
Q

How do we remember the type of fibres that the cranial nerves consist of?

A

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Year Two - Anatomy (7 decks)

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