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Year Two - Anatomy > ENT System > Flashcards

ENT System Flashcards

1
Q

What type of joints exist in the skull?

A

Suture joints, which are fibrous

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2
Q

What are the two types of bone which make up the skull?

A

Compact bone

Spongy bone

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3
Q

What is another name for spongy bone in the skull?

A

Dipole

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4
Q

What is the middle green bone?

A

Frontal bone

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5
Q

What is the yellow bone?

A

Ethmoidal bone

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6
Q

What is the dark blue bone?

A

Lacrimal bone

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7
Q

What is the purple bone?

A

Maxilla

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8
Q

What is the medium blue bone?

A

Mandible

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9
Q

What is the light green bone?

A

Nasal bone

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10
Q

What is the light blue bone?

A

Zygomatic bone

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11
Q

What is the dark orange bone?

A

Parietal bone

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12
Q

What is the red bone?

A

Sphenoid bone

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13
Q

What is the light orange bone?

A

Temporal bone

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14
Q

What is the dark green bone?

A

Vomer

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15
Q

What is the yellow bone?

A

Temporal bone

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16
Q

What is the medium green bone?

A

Frontal bone

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17
Q

What is the dark blue bone?

A

Lacrimal bone

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18
Q

What is the medium blue bone?

A

Mandible bone

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19
Q

What is the purple bone?

A

Maxilla

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20
Q

What is the light green bone?

A

Nasal bone

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21
Q

What is the pink bone?

A

Occipital bone

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22
Q

What is the dark orange bone?

A

Parietal bone

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23
Q

What is the red bone?

A

Sphenoid bone

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24
Q

What is the light orange bone?

A

Parietal bone

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25
Q

What is the light blue bone?

A

Zygomatic bone

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26
Q

What is the saggital suture?

A
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27
Q

What is the coronal suture?

A

The suture which connects the parietal and frontal bone

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28
Q

What is the lamboid suture?

A

The suture which connects the parietal and occipital bone

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29
Q

What is the suture present in between the two orange bones?

A

Saggital suture

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30
Q

What is the suture present between the orange and green bones?

A

Coronal suture

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31
Q

What is the suture present between the orange and pink bones?

A

Lamboid suture

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32
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

The fibrous tissue which fuse the bones of the skull in infants

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33
Q

What fontanelle closes first?

A

Posterior

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34
Q

What two bones does the zygomatic arch exist between?

A

The frontal and temporal bones

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35
Q

What lobe is contained in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal

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36
Q

What lobe is contained in the middle cranial fossa?

A

Temporal

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37
Q

What two structures does the posterior cranial fossa contian?

A

Brainstem

Cerebellum

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38
Q

What bone makes up the most of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Sphenoid

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39
Q

What gland is contained within the sphenoid bone?

A

Pituatary gland

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40
Q

What is the largest cranial foramen?

A

Foramen magnum

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41
Q

What are the air sinuses?

A

Air spaces within the skull bones

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42
Q

What is the role of the nasal sinuses?

A

To decrease the weight of the skull

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43
Q

What are the four air sinuses?

A

Frontal

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

Maxillary

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44
Q

What are the three bones involved in hearing?

A

Malleus

Incus

Stapes

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45
Q

Where does the scalp extend posteriorly to?

A

Superior nuchal lines

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46
Q

What suture exists in the zygomatic arch?

A

The sphenozygomatic suture

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47
Q

What are the five layers of the scalp?

A

Skin

Connective tissue

Aponeurosis

Loose connective tissue

Pericranium

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48
Q

What layer of the scalp connects the anterior and posterior bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

A

Aponeurosis

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49
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior aspect of the scalp?

A

All three branches of CN V

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50
Q

What nerve supplies the posterior scalp?

A

Anterior and posterior rami of C2 and C3

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51
Q

In which layer of the scalp are the blood vessels contained?

A

Loose connective tissue

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52
Q

What is the blood loss spare when there is lacterations to the scalp?

A

The dense connective tissue retracts when there are lacerations

The blood vessels are located deeply

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53
Q

What are the supra-orbital and supra-trochlear arteries are branches of?

A

ECA

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54
Q

What are the superficial, temporal, posterior auriciular and occipital arteries branches of?

A

ICA

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55
Q

What is most posterior - EJV or IJV?

A

IJV

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56
Q

What are emissary veins?

A

Veins which connect those in the scalp to compact bone

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57
Q

What veins allow scalp infections to spread to the cranial cavity?

A

Emissary veins

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58
Q

Are there lymph nodes in the scalp?

A

No

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59
Q

Where do the muscles of facial expression lie within?

A

The superior fascia

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60
Q

What is the role of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oris?

A

To gently close the eyelids

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61
Q

What is the role of the orbtial part of the orbicularis oris?

A

To tightly close the eyelids

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62
Q

What is the role of the occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

A

To retract the scalp

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63
Q

What are the two roles of the anterior belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

A

To elevate the eyebrows

To protract the scalp

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64
Q

What are the two roles of the buccinator?

A

To press the cheeck against the teeth

To resist distension

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65
Q

What are the two roles of the platysma?

A

To depress the manidble

To tense the skin of the face and neck

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66
Q

What are the three roles of the orbicularis oris?

A

To close the mouth

To allow kissing

To resist distension

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67
Q

What nerve innervates all the facial expression muscles?

A

Facial nerve

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68
Q

What foramen does the facial nerve pass through?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

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69
Q

What gland does the facial nerve pass through?

A

Parotid gland

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70
Q

Does Bell’s Palsy involve the forehead?

A

Yes

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71
Q

Do strokes involve the forehead?

A

No

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72
Q

What is the largest salivary gland?

A

Parotid gland

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73
Q

What type of gland is the parotid gland - endocrine or exocrine?

A

Endocrine

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74
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Glands which secrete substances into the bloodstream

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75
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands which secrete substances into the ductal system

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76
Q

What muscle does the parotid gland run superiorly over?

A

Masseter muscle

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77
Q

What muscle does the parotid gland pierce into?

A

Buccinator

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78
Q

Where does the parotid gland secrete saliva from?

A

A duct near the upper second molar

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79
Q

What four structures pass through the parotid gland?

A

CN IX

CN VII

Posterior Auricular Artery + Vein

Superficial Temporal Artery + Vein

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80
Q

What nerve supplies parasympathetic fibres to the parotid gland?

A

CN IX

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81
Q

What nerve supplies sympathetic fibres to the parotid gland?

A

Auriculotemporal nerve

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82
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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83
Q

What is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

The joint between occipital condyles and C1

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84
Q

What is the atlanto-axial joint?

A

The joint between C1 and C2 at the odontoid peg

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85
Q

What two structures pass through the vertebral transversium?

A

Vertebral artery

Vertebral vein

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86
Q

What is the vertebra prominens?

A

C7

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87
Q

What cervical vertebrae have a bifid spinous process?

A

C3-C5

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88
Q

What curvature exists in the cervical vertebrae?

A

Lordosis

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89
Q

Where are the three attachments of the SCM?

A

Manubrium of the sternum

Clavicle

Mastoid process

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90
Q

What happens to the head and face when the right SCM?

A

The head tilts to the right

The face turns to the left

91
Q

What are the three functions of the trapezius muscle?

A

To turn the head and neck

To shrug and steady the shoulders

To twist the arms

92
Q

What nerve innervates the trapezius and SCM?

A

CN XI

93
Q

Which triangle of the neck does CN XI run in?

A

Posterior

94
Q

Which triangle of the neck does the common carotid artery run in?

A

Anterior

95
Q

What are the three structures contained within the carotid sheath?

A

Common carotid artery

Vagus nerve

Internal jugular vein

96
Q

At which vertebral level does the common carotid artery divide into the ECA and ICA?

A

C4-C5

97
Q

In which gland does the ECA divide into the superifical temporal artery and the maxillary artery?

A

Parotid

98
Q

What does the IJV merge with to form the braciocephalic vein?

A

The subclavian veins

99
Q

What four muscle groups are attached to the hyoid bone?

A

Suprahyoid

Infrahyoid

Hypoglossus

Middle pharyngeal constrictors

100
Q

What are the four suprahyoid muscles?

A

Mylohoid

Geniohyoid

Digastric

Stylohoid

101
Q

What nerve supplies the mylohoid?

A

Mylohoid nerve

102
Q

What nerve supplies the geniohyoid muscle?

A

C1

103
Q

What two nerves supply the digastric muscle?

A

CNV + CN VII

104
Q

What nerve supplies the stylohoid muscle?

A

CN V

105
Q

What are the two roles of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

To depress the mandible

To elevate the hyoid bone

106
Q

What are the four infrahyoid muscles?

A

Sternohyoid

Sternothyroid

Thyroid

Omohyoid

107
Q

What nerve innervates the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Rami of C1-C3

108
Q

What are the two roles of the infrahyoid muscles?

A

To depress the hyoid bone

To depress the larynx

109
Q

Waht is the ansa cervicalis?

A

A loop of nerves of C1-C3 from the cervical plexus

110
Q

What type of gland is the thyroid gland?

A

Endocrine gland

111
Q

What bones of the skull articulate superiorly at the nasion?

A

Frontal

112
Q

What two bones form the nasal septum?

A

Vomer

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

113
Q

What happens if the nasal septum becomes deviated?

A

There is reduced draiange of the nasal sinuses

114
Q

What type of eptihlieum lines the nasal cavity?

A

Ciliated pseudo-stratifiied epithelium

115
Q

What lines the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory mucosa

116
Q

What are the three projections of the nasal cavity?

A

Conchae

117
Q

What is the space inferior to each conchae?

A

Meatus

118
Q

What is the name above the superior conchae?

A

Spheno-ethmoidal recess

119
Q

What bone are the sphenoid and middle conchae part of?

A

Ethmoidal

120
Q

What two arteries supply the nose with blood?

A

Opthalmic artery branches

ECA branches

121
Q

What opens up into the sphenoethmoidal recess?

A
122
Q

What opens into the superior meatus?

A

Posterior ethmoidal cells

123
Q

What opens into the middle meatus?

A

Maxillary sinus

Frontal sinus

Anterior ethmoidal cells

Middle ethmoidal cells

124
Q

What opens into the inferior meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

125
Q

What sinus do secretions not drain well from?

A

Maxillary

126
Q

What nerve innervates the frontal sinus?

A

CN V1

127
Q

What nerve innervates the maxillary sinus?

A

CN V2

128
Q

What nerve innervates the sphenoid sinus?

A

CN V1 & CN V2

129
Q

What nerve innervates the ethmoid sinus?

A

V1

130
Q

What lies above the soft palate?

A

Nasopharynx

131
Q

What is the roof of the nasopharynx formed from?

A

Sphenoid bone

Basilar part of the occipital bone

132
Q

What are the two collections of lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx?

A

Adenoid

Nasotonsils

133
Q

What tube is found in the nasopharynx?

A

Pharyngotympanic tube

134
Q

What it the muscle underlying the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

Salpinogopharyngeus

135
Q

How many decidious teeth are there?

A

20

136
Q

How many decidious incisors are there?

A

8

137
Q

How many decidious canines are there?

A

4

138
Q

How many decidious molars are there?

A

8

139
Q

How many permanent teeth are there?

A

32

140
Q

How many permanent incisors are there?

A

8

141
Q

How many permanent canines are there?

A

4

142
Q

How many permanent premolars are there?

A

8

143
Q

How many permanent molars are there?

A

12

144
Q

What type of joint is the TMJ?

A

Hinge type of synovial joint

145
Q

What are the four muscles of mastication?

A

Temporalis

Masseter

Medial pterygoid

Lateral pterygoid

146
Q

What does the temporalis muscle attach to?

A

Ramus of the mandible

Coronoid process of the mandible

147
Q

What is the role of the anterior temporalis muscle fibres?

A

To elevate the mandible

148
Q

What is the role of the posterior temporalis muscle fibres?

A

To retract the mandible

149
Q

What is the masseter attached to?

A

Temporal bone

Coronoid process of the manidble

150
Q

What is the role of the masseter?

A

Elevate the mandible

151
Q

What are both pterygoid plates atatched to?

A

The lateral pterygoid plate

152
Q

What happens when the two lateral pterygoid muscles contract?

A

The mandible protracts

153
Q

What happens when the lateral and medial pterygoid muscle on the same side contracts?

A

The mandible protrudes

154
Q

What happens when both the medial pterygoid muscles contract?

A

The mandible elevates

155
Q

What are the muscles of massecation innervated by?

A

CN V3

156
Q

What is the oral vestibule?

A

The space between the lips and cheek

157
Q

What is the buccinator innervated by?

A

CN VII

158
Q

What is the oropharyngeal isthmus?

A

The posterior opening of the oral cavity

159
Q

What two bones form the hard palate?

A

Maxilla bone

Palantine bone

160
Q

What five muscles does the soft palate consist of?

A

Levator veli palanti

Tensor veli palanti

Palatoglossus

Palatopharyngeus

Musculus uvulae

161
Q

What is the role of the soft palate?

A

To close off nasal passages during swallowing

162
Q

What nerves supply the soft palate muscles?

A

Lesser palantine nerves

163
Q

Where does the oropharynx extend from?

A

The uvula of the soft palate to the tip of the epiglottis

164
Q

What divides the tongue into its anterior and posterior components?

A

Terminal sulcus

165
Q

What are the projections of the anterior part of the tongue known as?

A

Papillae

166
Q

What are the three types of papillae?

A

Filiform

Foliate

Vallate

167
Q

What papillae contain taste buds?

A

Foliate

Vallate

168
Q

What are the surface projections on the posterior part of the tongue known as?

A

Lymphoid nodules of lingual tonsils

169
Q

What fixes the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

A

Lingual frenelum

170
Q

What nerve recieves general sensation from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

CN V3

171
Q

What nerve recieves taste sensation from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

Chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve

172
Q

What nerve recieves general sensation from the posterior 1/3rds of the tongue?

A

CN IX

173
Q

What nerve recieves taste sensation from the posterior 1/3rds of the tongue?

A

CN IX

174
Q

What is the role of the genioglossus muscle?

A

To protrude the tongue to the opposite side

175
Q

What is the role of the hypoglossus muscle?

A

To depress and retract the tongue

176
Q

What is the role of the styloglossus muscle of the tongue?

A

To elevate and retract the tongue

177
Q

What nerve innervates all the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus?

A

CN XII

178
Q

What two lobes does the submandibular lobe consist of?

A

Superficial

Deep

179
Q

What muscle separates the two lobes of the submandibular gland?

A

Mylohoid

180
Q

What gland does the submental artery groove under?

A

Submandibular gland

181
Q

Where do the ducts of the sublingual salivary gland lie?

A

Between the mandible and the genioglossus muscle

182
Q

What does the larnyx continue superiorly with?

A

The epiglottis

183
Q

What does the larnyx continue inferiorly with?

A

Trachea

184
Q

What forms the Adams apple?

A

Thyroid cartilage

185
Q

What happens if the recurrent laryngeal nerve is transected?

A

The vocal folds become paralysed and the voice disappears

186
Q

What are the three compnents of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

187
Q

What prevents the bolus from entering the nasopharynx?

A

Soft palate

188
Q

What prevents the bolus from entering the larynx?

A

Epiglottis

189
Q

What two nerves make up the pharynx plexus?

A

CN IX

CN X

190
Q

What is Waldeyer’s ring?

A

A collection of lymphoid tissue which protects entrance to the oropharynx

191
Q

What two structures pass through the optic foramen?

A

CN II

Opthalmic artery

192
Q

What five structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A

CN VI

CN IV

CN III

CN V3

Opthalmic veins

193
Q

What passes through the inferior orbital fissure?

A

Zygomatic division of CN V

194
Q

What eye muscle doesnt arise from the posteiror aspect of the orbit?

A

IO

195
Q

What two eye muscles prevent overabduction and overadduction of the eye?

A

SO

IO

196
Q

What is the opthalmic artery a branch of?

A

ICA

197
Q

What nerve innervates lacrimal apparatus?

A

CN VII

198
Q

What joints are present between the ossicles?

A

Incudostapedial joints

199
Q

What ossicle is in contact with the tympanic membrane?

A

Malleus

200
Q

What ossicle is in contact with the oval window?

A

Stapes

201
Q

Which part of the temporal bone do the middle and inner lie in?

A

Petrous part

202
Q

What does the facial nerve branch into once it passes in the ear?

A

Chorda tympani branch

203
Q

What do the parasymapthetic fibres of the chorda tympani supply?

A

Submandibular salivary glands

Sublingual salivary glands

204
Q

What do the symapthetic fibres of the chorda tympani supply?

A

Anterior 2/3rds of the tongue with taste sensation

205
Q

What is the ptreoin?

A

Where the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bone converge

206
Q

Where do the intra-cranial venous sinuses exist between?

A

The inner and outer layers of the dura

207
Q

What artery crosses the pteroid?

A

Middle meningeal artery

208
Q

What two sinuses start at the occipital protruberance?

A

The saggital and transverse sinuses

209
Q

What is the sella turnica?

A

The deep depression in the midline of the middle cranial fossa

210
Q

What does the sell turnica contain?

A

Pituatary gland

211
Q

What are found on either side of the sella turnica?

A

Anterior and posterior clinoid processes

212
Q

What bone is the pterygoid plates and the hamallus part of?

A

Sphenoid bone

213
Q

What muscle is attached to the medial pterygoid plate?

A

Pharyngeal aponeurosis

214
Q

What muscle is attached to the lateral pterygoid plate?

A

Musculotendinous

215
Q

What ossification do flat bones of the skull undergo?

A

Intramembranous

216
Q

What ossification do irregular bones of the skull undergo?

A

Endochondrial

217
Q

When do the anterior fontanelles fuse?

A

9-18 months

218
Q

When do the posterior fontanelles fuse?

A

1-2 months

219
Q

What epithelium lines the dorsal surface of the tongue?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

220
Q

How do serous acini stain?

A

Strongly

221
Q

How do mucous acini stain?

A

Poorly

222
Q

What type of gland is the parotid?

A

Serous

223
Q

What type of gland is the sublingual?

A

Mucous

224
Q

What type of gland is the submandibular?

A

Mixed

Year Two - Anatomy (7 decks)

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