ENT System Flashcards
What type of joints exist in the skull?
Suture joints, which are fibrous
What are the two types of bone which make up the skull?
Compact bone
Spongy bone
What is another name for spongy bone in the skull?
Dipole
What is the middle green bone?
Frontal bone
What is the yellow bone?
Ethmoidal bone
What is the dark blue bone?
Lacrimal bone
What is the purple bone?
Maxilla
What is the medium blue bone?
Mandible
What is the light green bone?
Nasal bone
What is the light blue bone?
Zygomatic bone
What is the dark orange bone?
Parietal bone
What is the red bone?
Sphenoid bone
What is the light orange bone?
Temporal bone
What is the dark green bone?
Vomer
What is the yellow bone?
Temporal bone
What is the medium green bone?
Frontal bone
What is the dark blue bone?
Lacrimal bone
What is the medium blue bone?
Mandible bone
What is the purple bone?
Maxilla
What is the light green bone?
Nasal bone
What is the pink bone?
Occipital bone
What is the dark orange bone?
Parietal bone
What is the red bone?
Sphenoid bone
What is the light orange bone?
Parietal bone
What is the light blue bone?
Zygomatic bone
What is the saggital suture?
What is the coronal suture?
The suture which connects the parietal and frontal bone
What is the lamboid suture?
The suture which connects the parietal and occipital bone
What is the suture present in between the two orange bones?
Saggital suture
What is the suture present between the orange and green bones?
Coronal suture
What is the suture present between the orange and pink bones?
Lamboid suture
What are fontanelles?
The fibrous tissue which fuse the bones of the skull in infants
What fontanelle closes first?
Posterior
What two bones does the zygomatic arch exist between?
The frontal and temporal bones
What lobe is contained in the anterior cranial fossa?
Frontal
What lobe is contained in the middle cranial fossa?
Temporal
What two structures does the posterior cranial fossa contian?
Brainstem
Cerebellum
What bone makes up the most of the middle cranial fossa?
Sphenoid
What gland is contained within the sphenoid bone?
Pituatary gland
What is the largest cranial foramen?
Foramen magnum
What are the air sinuses?
Air spaces within the skull bones
What is the role of the nasal sinuses?
To decrease the weight of the skull
What are the four air sinuses?
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Maxillary
What are the three bones involved in hearing?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Where does the scalp extend posteriorly to?
Superior nuchal lines
What suture exists in the zygomatic arch?
The sphenozygomatic suture
What are the five layers of the scalp?
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
What layer of the scalp connects the anterior and posterior bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
Aponeurosis
What nerve supplies the anterior aspect of the scalp?
All three branches of CN V
What nerve supplies the posterior scalp?
Anterior and posterior rami of C2 and C3
In which layer of the scalp are the blood vessels contained?
Loose connective tissue
What is the blood loss spare when there is lacterations to the scalp?
The dense connective tissue retracts when there are lacerations
The blood vessels are located deeply
What are the supra-orbital and supra-trochlear arteries are branches of?
ECA
What are the superficial, temporal, posterior auriciular and occipital arteries branches of?
ICA
What is most posterior - EJV or IJV?
IJV
What are emissary veins?
Veins which connect those in the scalp to compact bone
What veins allow scalp infections to spread to the cranial cavity?
Emissary veins
Are there lymph nodes in the scalp?
No
Where do the muscles of facial expression lie within?
The superior fascia
What is the role of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oris?
To gently close the eyelids
What is the role of the orbtial part of the orbicularis oris?
To tightly close the eyelids
What is the role of the occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
To retract the scalp
What are the two roles of the anterior belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
To elevate the eyebrows
To protract the scalp
What are the two roles of the buccinator?
To press the cheeck against the teeth
To resist distension
What are the two roles of the platysma?
To depress the manidble
To tense the skin of the face and neck
What are the three roles of the orbicularis oris?
To close the mouth
To allow kissing
To resist distension
What nerve innervates all the facial expression muscles?
Facial nerve
What foramen does the facial nerve pass through?
Stylomastoid foramen
What gland does the facial nerve pass through?
Parotid gland
Does Bell’s Palsy involve the forehead?
Yes
Do strokes involve the forehead?
No
What is the largest salivary gland?
Parotid gland
What type of gland is the parotid gland - endocrine or exocrine?
Endocrine
What are endocrine glands?
Glands which secrete substances into the bloodstream
What are exocrine glands?
Glands which secrete substances into the ductal system
What muscle does the parotid gland run superiorly over?
Masseter muscle
What muscle does the parotid gland pierce into?
Buccinator
Where does the parotid gland secrete saliva from?
A duct near the upper second molar
What four structures pass through the parotid gland?
CN IX
CN VII
Posterior Auricular Artery + Vein
Superficial Temporal Artery + Vein
What nerve supplies parasympathetic fibres to the parotid gland?
CN IX
What nerve supplies sympathetic fibres to the parotid gland?
Auriculotemporal nerve
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
What is the atlanto-occipital joint?
The joint between occipital condyles and C1
What is the atlanto-axial joint?
The joint between C1 and C2 at the odontoid peg
What two structures pass through the vertebral transversium?
Vertebral artery
Vertebral vein
What is the vertebra prominens?
C7
What cervical vertebrae have a bifid spinous process?
C3-C5
What curvature exists in the cervical vertebrae?
Lordosis
Where are the three attachments of the SCM?
Manubrium of the sternum
Clavicle
Mastoid process
What happens to the head and face when the right SCM?
The head tilts to the right
The face turns to the left
What are the three functions of the trapezius muscle?
To turn the head and neck
To shrug and steady the shoulders
To twist the arms
What nerve innervates the trapezius and SCM?
CN XI
Which triangle of the neck does CN XI run in?
Posterior
Which triangle of the neck does the common carotid artery run in?
Anterior
What are the three structures contained within the carotid sheath?
Common carotid artery
Vagus nerve
Internal jugular vein
At which vertebral level does the common carotid artery divide into the ECA and ICA?
C4-C5
In which gland does the ECA divide into the superifical temporal artery and the maxillary artery?
Parotid
What does the IJV merge with to form the braciocephalic vein?
The subclavian veins
What four muscle groups are attached to the hyoid bone?
Suprahyoid
Infrahyoid
Hypoglossus
Middle pharyngeal constrictors
What are the four suprahyoid muscles?
Mylohoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric
Stylohoid
What nerve supplies the mylohoid?
Mylohoid nerve
What nerve supplies the geniohyoid muscle?
C1
What two nerves supply the digastric muscle?
CNV + CN VII
What nerve supplies the stylohoid muscle?
CN V
What are the two roles of the suprahyoid muscles?
To depress the mandible
To elevate the hyoid bone
What are the four infrahyoid muscles?
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyroid
Omohyoid
What nerve innervates the infrahyoid muscles?
Rami of C1-C3
What are the two roles of the infrahyoid muscles?
To depress the hyoid bone
To depress the larynx
Waht is the ansa cervicalis?
A loop of nerves of C1-C3 from the cervical plexus
What type of gland is the thyroid gland?
Endocrine gland
What bones of the skull articulate superiorly at the nasion?
Frontal
What two bones form the nasal septum?
Vomer
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
What happens if the nasal septum becomes deviated?
There is reduced draiange of the nasal sinuses
What type of eptihlieum lines the nasal cavity?
Ciliated pseudo-stratifiied epithelium
What lines the roof of the nasal cavity?
Olfactory mucosa
What are the three projections of the nasal cavity?
Conchae
What is the space inferior to each conchae?
Meatus
What is the name above the superior conchae?
Spheno-ethmoidal recess
What bone are the sphenoid and middle conchae part of?
Ethmoidal
What two arteries supply the nose with blood?
Opthalmic artery branches
ECA branches
What opens up into the sphenoethmoidal recess?
What opens into the superior meatus?
Posterior ethmoidal cells
What opens into the middle meatus?
Maxillary sinus
Frontal sinus
Anterior ethmoidal cells
Middle ethmoidal cells
What opens into the inferior meatus?
Nasolacrimal duct
What sinus do secretions not drain well from?
Maxillary
What nerve innervates the frontal sinus?
CN V1
What nerve innervates the maxillary sinus?
CN V2
What nerve innervates the sphenoid sinus?
CN V1 & CN V2
What nerve innervates the ethmoid sinus?
V1
What lies above the soft palate?
Nasopharynx
What is the roof of the nasopharynx formed from?
Sphenoid bone
Basilar part of the occipital bone
What are the two collections of lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx?
Adenoid
Nasotonsils
What tube is found in the nasopharynx?
Pharyngotympanic tube
What it the muscle underlying the pharyngotympanic tube?
Salpinogopharyngeus
How many decidious teeth are there?
20
How many decidious incisors are there?
8
How many decidious canines are there?
4
How many decidious molars are there?
8
How many permanent teeth are there?
32
How many permanent incisors are there?
8
How many permanent canines are there?
4
How many permanent premolars are there?
8
How many permanent molars are there?
12
What type of joint is the TMJ?
Hinge type of synovial joint
What are the four muscles of mastication?
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
What does the temporalis muscle attach to?
Ramus of the mandible
Coronoid process of the mandible
What is the role of the anterior temporalis muscle fibres?
To elevate the mandible
What is the role of the posterior temporalis muscle fibres?
To retract the mandible
What is the masseter attached to?
Temporal bone
Coronoid process of the manidble
What is the role of the masseter?
Elevate the mandible
What are both pterygoid plates atatched to?
The lateral pterygoid plate
What happens when the two lateral pterygoid muscles contract?
The mandible protracts
What happens when the lateral and medial pterygoid muscle on the same side contracts?
The mandible protrudes
What happens when both the medial pterygoid muscles contract?
The mandible elevates
What are the muscles of massecation innervated by?
CN V3
What is the oral vestibule?
The space between the lips and cheek
What is the buccinator innervated by?
CN VII
What is the oropharyngeal isthmus?
The posterior opening of the oral cavity
What two bones form the hard palate?
Maxilla bone
Palantine bone
What five muscles does the soft palate consist of?
Levator veli palanti
Tensor veli palanti
Palatoglossus
Palatopharyngeus
Musculus uvulae
What is the role of the soft palate?
To close off nasal passages during swallowing
What nerves supply the soft palate muscles?
Lesser palantine nerves
Where does the oropharynx extend from?
The uvula of the soft palate to the tip of the epiglottis
What divides the tongue into its anterior and posterior components?
Terminal sulcus
What are the projections of the anterior part of the tongue known as?
Papillae
What are the three types of papillae?
Filiform
Foliate
Vallate
What papillae contain taste buds?
Foliate
Vallate
What are the surface projections on the posterior part of the tongue known as?
Lymphoid nodules of lingual tonsils
What fixes the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
Lingual frenelum
What nerve recieves general sensation from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
CN V3
What nerve recieves taste sensation from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
Chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve
What nerve recieves general sensation from the posterior 1/3rds of the tongue?
CN IX
What nerve recieves taste sensation from the posterior 1/3rds of the tongue?
CN IX
What is the role of the genioglossus muscle?
To protrude the tongue to the opposite side
What is the role of the hypoglossus muscle?
To depress and retract the tongue
What is the role of the styloglossus muscle of the tongue?
To elevate and retract the tongue
What nerve innervates all the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus?
CN XII
What two lobes does the submandibular lobe consist of?
Superficial
Deep
What muscle separates the two lobes of the submandibular gland?
Mylohoid
What gland does the submental artery groove under?
Submandibular gland
Where do the ducts of the sublingual salivary gland lie?
Between the mandible and the genioglossus muscle
What does the larnyx continue superiorly with?
The epiglottis
What does the larnyx continue inferiorly with?
Trachea
What forms the Adams apple?
Thyroid cartilage
What happens if the recurrent laryngeal nerve is transected?
The vocal folds become paralysed and the voice disappears
What are the three compnents of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
What prevents the bolus from entering the nasopharynx?
Soft palate
What prevents the bolus from entering the larynx?
Epiglottis
What two nerves make up the pharynx plexus?
CN IX
CN X
What is Waldeyer’s ring?
A collection of lymphoid tissue which protects entrance to the oropharynx
What two structures pass through the optic foramen?
CN II
Opthalmic artery
What five structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?
CN VI
CN IV
CN III
CN V3
Opthalmic veins
What passes through the inferior orbital fissure?
Zygomatic division of CN V
What eye muscle doesnt arise from the posteiror aspect of the orbit?
IO
What two eye muscles prevent overabduction and overadduction of the eye?
SO
IO
What is the opthalmic artery a branch of?
ICA
What nerve innervates lacrimal apparatus?
CN VII
What joints are present between the ossicles?
Incudostapedial joints
What ossicle is in contact with the tympanic membrane?
Malleus
What ossicle is in contact with the oval window?
Stapes
Which part of the temporal bone do the middle and inner lie in?
Petrous part
What does the facial nerve branch into once it passes in the ear?
Chorda tympani branch
What do the parasymapthetic fibres of the chorda tympani supply?
Submandibular salivary glands
Sublingual salivary glands
What do the symapthetic fibres of the chorda tympani supply?
Anterior 2/3rds of the tongue with taste sensation
What is the ptreoin?
Where the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bone converge
Where do the intra-cranial venous sinuses exist between?
The inner and outer layers of the dura
What artery crosses the pteroid?
Middle meningeal artery
What two sinuses start at the occipital protruberance?
The saggital and transverse sinuses
What is the sella turnica?
The deep depression in the midline of the middle cranial fossa
What does the sell turnica contain?
Pituatary gland
What are found on either side of the sella turnica?
Anterior and posterior clinoid processes
What bone is the pterygoid plates and the hamallus part of?
Sphenoid bone
What muscle is attached to the medial pterygoid plate?
Pharyngeal aponeurosis
What muscle is attached to the lateral pterygoid plate?
Musculotendinous
What ossification do flat bones of the skull undergo?
Intramembranous
What ossification do irregular bones of the skull undergo?
Endochondrial
When do the anterior fontanelles fuse?
9-18 months
When do the posterior fontanelles fuse?
1-2 months
What epithelium lines the dorsal surface of the tongue?
Stratified squamous epithelium
How do serous acini stain?
Strongly
How do mucous acini stain?
Poorly
What type of gland is the parotid?
Serous
What type of gland is the sublingual?
Mucous
What type of gland is the submandibular?
Mixed
