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Year Two - Anatomy > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?

A

Right upper quadrant

Left upper quadrant

Right lower quadrant

Left lower quadrant

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2
Q

What is the horizontal plane which separates the quadrants of the abdomen?

A

Median plane

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3
Q

What is the vertical plane which separates the quadrants of the abdomen?

A

Transumbillical plane

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4
Q

What are the six regions of the abdomen?

A

Right hypochondriac

Epigastric

Left hypochondriac

Right lumbar

Umbillical

Left lumbar

Right lingual

Pubic hypogastric

Left lingual

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5
Q

What are the abdominal regions divided vertically by?

A

Mid-clavicular lines

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6
Q

What are the abdominal regions divided horizontally by?

A

Subcostal plane

Transtubercular plane

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7
Q

What organ is found in the right hypochondriac region?

A

Liver

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8
Q

What organ is found in the epigastric region?

A

Stomach

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9
Q

What organ is found in the left hypochondriac region?

A

Spleen

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10
Q

What organ is found in the right lumbar region?

A

Gallbladder

Liver

Ascending colon

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11
Q

What organ is found in the umbilical region?

A

Small bowel

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12
Q

What organ is found in the left lumbar region?

A

Descending colon

Left Kidney

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13
Q

What organ is found in the right lingual region?

A

Caecum

Appendix

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14
Q

What organ is found in the hypogastric region?

A

Urinary bladder

Reproductive organs

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15
Q

What organ is found in the left lingual region?

A

Descending colon

Sigmoid colon

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16
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

The area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

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17
Q

What dermatome is the umbilicus in?

A

T10

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18
Q

What is the vertebral level of the umbilicus?

A

L3-L4

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19
Q

What is the orientation of external oblique fibres?

A

Infermoedial

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20
Q

What are the two functions of external oblique fibres?

A

To compress and support viscera

To flex and rotate the trunk

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21
Q

What range of nerves innervate the external oblique fibres?

A

T7-T12

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22
Q

What is the orientation of internal oblique fibres?

A

Inferomedial perpendicular to the external oblique fibres

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23
Q

What are the two functions of internal oblique fibres?

A

To compress and support viscera

To flex and rotate the trunk

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24
Q

What range of nerves innervate the internal oblique fibres?

A

T7-T11

L1

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25
Q

What is the orientation of transversus abdominis fibres?

A

Horizontal

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26
Q

What is the function of transversus abdominis fibres?

A

To compress and support viscera

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27
Q

What range of nerves innervate the transversus abdominis fibres?

A

T7-T11

L1

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28
Q

What is the orientation of rectus abdominis fibres?

A

Vertical

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29
Q

What are the three functions of the rectus abdominis fibres?

A

To flex the trunk

To compress viscera

To stabilise the pelvis

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30
Q

What range of nerves innervate the rectus abdominis fibres?

A

T7-T12

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31
Q

How can we remember the direction of the external oblique fibres?

A

The external oblique muscle runs in the direction as if you were putting your hands in your jacket pockets

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32
Q

The rectus sheath is formed from the aponeurosis of what three muscles?

A

Transversus abdominis

Internal oblique

External oblique

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33
Q

What two muscles lie within the rectus sheath?

A

Rectus abdominis

Pyramidalis

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34
Q

What is the horizontal line of connective tissue situated in the centre of the rectus sheath?

A

Linea alba

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35
Q

What is the function of the pyramidalis?

A

To tense the linea alba

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36
Q

Where does the rectus sheath end?

A

Arcuate line

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37
Q

What abdominal muscle is outermost?

A

External oblique

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38
Q

What abdominal muscle is found in the second outermost layer of the abdomen?

A

Internal oblique

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39
Q

What abdominal muscle is found in the third outermost layer of the abdomen?

A

Rectus abdominis

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40
Q

What abdominal muscle is found in the innermost layer of the abdomen?

A

Transversus abdominis

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41
Q

What is the final layer before the abdominal cavity?

A

Parietal peritoneum

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42
Q

What are the four superficial blood vessels which supply the abdominal wall?

A

Superior epigastric artery

Superior epigastric vein

Inferior epigastric artery

Inferior epigastric vein

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43
Q

What is the superior epigastric artery a branch of?

A

Internal thoracic artery

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44
Q

What is the inferior epigastric artery a branch of?

A

External iliac artery

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45
Q

What is the superior epigastric vein a branch of?

A

Internal thoracic vein

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46
Q

What is the inferior epigastric vein a branch of?

A

External iliac vein

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47
Q

What is caput medusa?

A

Dilatation of the abdominal veins which extend from the umbilicus

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48
Q

Where does lymph from above the umbilicus drain to?

A

Axillary lymph nodes

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49
Q

Where does lymph from below the umbilicus drain to?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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50
Q

What is the role of the inguinal canal?

A

To allow structures from the abdomen to pass to the genital region

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51
Q

Where does the inguinal ligament originate?

A

The anterior superior iliac spine

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52
Q

Where does the inguinal ligament end?

A

The pubic tubercle

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53
Q

What is the inguinal ligament formed from?

A

Aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle

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54
Q

What is the superficial inguinal ring?

A

A break in the aponeurosis of the external oblique layer

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55
Q

Where is the superficial inguinal ring situated in relation to the pubic tubercle?

A

Superolateral

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56
Q

Where is the deep inguinal ring situated in relation to the pubic tubercle?

A

Superolateral

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57
Q

What is the deep inguinal ring?

A

An oval shaped opening in the transversalis muscle fascia

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58
Q

What are the three contents of the inguinal canal in males?

A

Spermatic cord

Ilioguinal nerve

Blood and lymphatics

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59
Q

What are the three contents of the inguinal canal in females?

A

Round ligament

Genitofemoral nerve

Blood and lymphatics

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60
Q

What are the three layers of the spermatic cord?

A

Internal spermatic fascia

Cremasteric fascia

External spermatic fascia

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61
Q

In what layer of the abdominal wall is the internal spermatic fascia of the spermatic cord found?

A

Transversus abdominis

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62
Q

In what layer of the abdominal wall is the cremasteric fascia of the spermatic cord found?

A

Internal oblique

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63
Q

In what layer of the abdominal wall is the external spermatic fascia of the spermatic cord found?

A

External oblique

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64
Q

What are the three muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Psoas major

Iliacus

Quadratus lumborum

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65
Q

What are the two functions of the psoas major?

A

To flex the trunk and thigh

To balance the trunk

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66
Q

What are the two functions of the iliacus?

A

To flex the thigh

To stabilise hip joints

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67
Q

What are the two functions of the quadratus lumborum?

A

To flex the vertebral column

To fix the 12th rib for inspiration

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68
Q

At what vertebral level does the caval opening occur?

A

T8

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69
Q

At what vertebral level does the eosophageal hiatus occur?

A

T10

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70
Q

At what vertebral level does the aortic hiatus occur?

A

T12

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71
Q

What structure passes through the caval opening?

A

IVC

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72
Q

What two vessels run in the posterior abdominal cavity?

A

Aorta

IVC

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73
Q

What posterior abdominal vessel sits most anteriorly?

A

IVC

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74
Q

Where does the foregut run from?

A

Oesophagus to duodenum

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75
Q

What four structures are included in the foregut?

A

Liver, gall bladder, spleen, pancreas

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76
Q

Where does the midgut run from?

A

Duodenum to the transverse colon

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77
Q

Where does the hindgut run from?

A

Transverse colon to the rectum

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78
Q

What are the three main vessels which supply the abdomen?

A

Celiac

Superior mesenteric artery

Inferior mesenteric artery

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79
Q

What does the celiac artery supply?

A

Foregut

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80
Q

Where does the celiac artery branch off from the abdominal aorta?

A

T12

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81
Q

What does the SMA supply?

A

Midgut

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82
Q

Where does the SMA branch off from the abdominal aorta?

A

L1

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83
Q

What does the IMA supply?

A

Hindgut

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84
Q

Where does the IMA branch off from the abdominal aorta?

A

L3

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85
Q

What are the three branches of the celiac trunk?

A

Left gastric artery

Spelnic artery

Common hepatic artery

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86
Q

What artery comes off the side of the abdominal wall at L1?

A

Renal artery

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87
Q

At what level does the abdominal wall divide into the two common iliac arteries?

A

L4

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88
Q

What are the four veins of the abdomen?

A

Hepatic portal vein

Left renal vein

Inferior mesenteric vein

Inferior vena cava

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89
Q

What two vessels merge form to form the IVC?

A

Right and left common iliac veins

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90
Q

What two veins form the hepatic portal vein?

A

Superior mesenteric vein

Splenic vein

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91
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric vein drain into?

A

Portal system

Systemic system

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92
Q

What are the four sites of the portal-systemic anastomoses?

A

Oesophageal

Rectal

Retroperitoneal

Paraumbilical

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93
Q

What is the clinical significance of portal-systemic anastomoses?

A

When blood flow through the portal system is obstructed, blood is re-directed through these sites, which can result in varices

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94
Q

What is pre-aortic drainage?

A

When vessels come out of the aorta anteriorly

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95
Q

What is para-aortic drainage?

A

When vessels come out of the aorta posteriorly

96
Q

What three sympathetic nerves that supply the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves - greater, lesser, least

Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia

Abdominal aortic plexuses

97
Q

What two parasympathetic nerves that supply the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Vagus nerve

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2, S3, S4)

98
Q

How does the parasympathetic system affect GI secretions?

A

Increases

99
Q

How does the sympathetic system affect GI secretions?

A

Decreases

100
Q

How does the parasympathetic system affect GI motility?

A

Increases

101
Q

How does the sympathetic system affect GI motility?

A

Decreases

102
Q

How does the parasympathetic system affect blood vessels in the GI tract?

A

Vasodilation

103
Q

How does the sympathetic system affect blood vessels in the GI tract?

A

Vasoconstriction

104
Q

How does vagotomy effect gastric secretions?

A

It reduces secretions

105
Q

What type of pain occurs in the foregut?

A

Epigastric

106
Q

What type of pain occurs in the midgut?

A

Umbillical

107
Q

What type of pain occurs in the hindgut?

A

Suprapubic

108
Q

Where does appendicitis pain usually occur?

A

Left iliac fossa

109
Q

Where does the lumbar plexus originate from?

A

Ventral rami of L1-L4

110
Q

Where is the lumbar plexus formed?

A

Psoas major

111
Q

What are the six lumbar nerves which form the lumbar plexus?

A

Obturator nerve

Femoral nerve

Iliohypogastric nerve

Ilioinguinal nerve

Genitofemoral nerve

Lateral fermoral cutaneous nerve

112
Q

What is the nerve root value of the obturator nerve?

A

L2-L4

113
Q

What is the nerve root value of the femoral nerve?

A

L2-L4

114
Q

What is the nerve root value of the genitofemoral nerve?

A

L1, L2

115
Q

At what vertebral level do the kidneys lie?

A

T12-L3

116
Q

Why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left kidney?

A

The presence of the liver

117
Q

What three structures leave the kidney - from most superior to posterior?

A

Renal artery

Renal vein

Ureter

118
Q

Are kidneys retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

119
Q

Are the ureters retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

120
Q

What is the term used to describe the upper part of the ureter?

A

Renal pelvis

121
Q

Name the three constriction points of the ureter

A

At the junction between the ureters and renal pelvis

Where the utterers cross the brim of the pelvic inlet

During the passage through the wall of the urinary bladder

122
Q

Where is the suprarenal gland located?

A

Between the supromedial aspects of the kidneys and diaphragmatic aura

123
Q

What type of gland is the suprarenal gland?

A

Endocrine

124
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A continuous membrane which lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs.

125
Q

What is the parietal peritoneum?

A

The peritoneum which lines the body wall

126
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum?

A

The peritoneum which lines the viscera

127
Q

What peritoneum is more sensitive to pressure, pain and heat?

A

Parietal

128
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

A space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

129
Q

What is present within the peritoneal cavity?

A

Peritoneal fluid

130
Q

What are intraperitoneal organs?

A

Organs in which the visceral peritoneum only covers the anterior surface and therefore they are firmly attached to the posterior abdominal wall

131
Q

What are retroperitoneal organs?

A

Organs in which the visceral peritoneum covers the whole of the organ

132
Q

List eight retroperitoneal organs - remembered via SAD PUCKER

A

Suprarenal gland

Aorta

Duodenum

Pancreas

Colon

Kidney

Oesophagus

Rectum

133
Q

List seven intraperitoneal organs

A

Liver

Spleen

Stomach

Jejunum

Ileum

Transverse colon

Sigmoid colon

134
Q

Through what structure do the lesser and greater sac communicate with one another?

A

Epiploic foramen

135
Q

Where does the lesser sac lie?

A

Posterior to the stomach

136
Q

Where does the greater sac lie?

A

It extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis

137
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

It attaches from the greater curvature of the stomach to the duodenum

138
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

It attaches from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

139
Q

What nerves innervate the parietal peritoneum?

A

T6-T12

L1

140
Q

What nerves innervate the visceral peritoneum?

A

Autonomic nerves

141
Q

What omentum are the hepatoduodenual and hepatogastric ligaments part of?

A

Lesser omentum

142
Q

What is the falciform ligament?

A

A ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

143
Q

What structure in the falciform ligament is a remnant of the umbilical vein?

A

Round ligament

144
Q

What are the three abdominal viscera which lie in the mesentery?

A

Small intestine

Colon

Rectum

145
Q

What is the transpyloric plane?

A

A plane halfway between the suprasternal notch of the manubrium (L1)

146
Q

How do we locate the transpyloric plane?

A

It is halfway between the jugular notch and the border of the pubic symphysis

147
Q

What costal cartilage is the surface marking of the gallbladder?

A

9th

148
Q

Does the liver move with respiration?

A

Yes

149
Q

Where does the spleen lie?

A

From ribs 9 to 11 on the left hand side

150
Q

Does the spleen move with respiration?

A

Yes

151
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

An extension from the pharynx to the stomach

152
Q

Where are the three constrictions of the oesophagus?

A

Cervical

Thoracic

Diaphragmatic

153
Q

What four structures pass through the oesophageal opening of the diaphragm?

A

Oesophagus

Left gastric artery and vein

Left and right vagus nerve

Lymphatics

154
Q

What three arteries supply the oesophagus with blood?

A

Left gastric artery

Celiac trunk

Left inferior phrenic artery

155
Q

What vein drains the oesophagus of blood?

A

Left gastric vein

156
Q

How is the oesophagus lymph drained?

A

Left gastric lymph nodes, which drain into the celiac lymph nodes

157
Q

Where does the lesser omentum extend from?

A

Smaller curvature of the stomach to the liver

158
Q

Where does the greater omentum extend from?

A

Greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall

159
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

A band of smooth muscle between the pylorus and the duodenum

160
Q

What layer of the stomach do the rugae exist?

A

Mucosal and submucosal

161
Q

In what two areas of the stomach are the rugae most prominent?

A

Pylorus

Greater curvature

162
Q

What are the four main veins which drain blood from the stomach?

A

Left gastric vein

Right gastric vein

Left gastro-omental vein

Right gastro-omental vein

163
Q

Where do the gastric veins drain into?

A

Hepatic portal vein

164
Q

Where does the left gastro-omental veins drain into?

A

Splenic vein then the hepatic portal vein

165
Q

Where does the right gastro-omental veins drain into?

A

SMV then to the hepatic portal vein

166
Q

What two nerves supply the stomach parasympathetically?

A

Anterior vagal trunk

Posterior vagal trunk

167
Q

What range of nerves supply the stomach sympathetically?

A

T6-T9 segments of the spinal cord

168
Q

How does vagal stimulation affect the pylorus?

A

Relaxation of the sphincter

169
Q

How is the duodenum peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

170
Q

What is the opening in the duodenum that allows pancreatic and bile fluids to enter?

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

171
Q

What is the sphincter in the duodenum that controls the amount of pancreatic and bile fluids which enter?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

172
Q

Describe the wall differences of the jejunum and the ileum

A

Jejunum - Thick + heavy

Ileum - Thin + light

173
Q

Describe the vascularity of the jejunum and the ileum

A

Jejunum - Greater

Ileum - Lesser

174
Q

Describe the vasa recta of the jejunum and the ileum

A

Jejunum - Long

Ileum - Short

175
Q

Describe the arcades of the jejunum and the ileum

A

Jejunum - few large loops

Ileum - many short loops

176
Q

Describe the fat in the mesentery of the jejunum and the ileum

A

Jejunum - less

Ileum - more

177
Q

Describe the lymphoid tissue of the jejunum and the ileum

A

Jejunum - small

Ileum - numerous Peyer’s patches

178
Q

What is the major blood vessel that supplies the jejunum and ileum?

A

SMA

179
Q

What is the major blood vessel that drains the jejunum and ileum?

A

SMV

180
Q

How is the ileum and jejunum supplied with nerves?

A

Superior myenteric plexus

181
Q

What are the three differences between the small and large intestine?

A

Teniae coli

Haustra

Omental appendices

182
Q

Where is the hepatic flexure located?

A

Between the ascending and transverse colon

183
Q

Where is the splenic flexure located?

A

Between the transverse and descending colon

184
Q

What two structures open up into the caecum?

A

Ileum

Ascending colon

185
Q

What is McBurney’s points?

A

A point that is 1/3 of the way to the oblique line from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus

It is the location of the appendix base

186
Q

What two arteries supply the ascending colon?

A

Ileocolic

Right colic

187
Q

What two veins drain the ascending colon?

A

Ileocolic

Right colic

188
Q

What three arteries supply the transverse colon?

A

Middle colic

Right colic

Left colic

189
Q

What vein drains the transverse colon?

A

SMV

190
Q

What two arteries supply the descending colon?

A

Left colic

Sigmoid

191
Q

What vein drains the transverse colon?

A

IMV

192
Q

What two arteries supply the sigmoid colon?

A

Left colic sigmoid

193
Q

What vein drains the sigmoid colon?

A

IMV

194
Q

What is the superior 1/3 of the rectum supplied with?

A

Superior rectal artery

195
Q

What is the superior 1/3 of the rectum drained with?

A

Superior rectal vein

196
Q

Where does lymph in the superior 1/3 of the rectum drained?

A

Inferior mesenteric vein

197
Q

What is the middle 1/3 of the rectum supplied with?

A

Middle haemorrhoidal artery

198
Q

What is the middle 1/3 of the rectum drained with?

A

Middle rectal vein

199
Q

Where does lymph in the middle 1/3 of the rectum drained?

A

Inferior mesenteric

200
Q

What is the inferior 1/3 of the rectum supplied with?

A

Inferior rectal artery

201
Q

What is the inferior 1/3 of the rectum drained with?

A

Inferior rectal vein

202
Q

Where does lymph in the inferior 1/3 of the rectum drained?

A

Internal iliac

203
Q

What is the pectinate line?

A

The line which divides the upper 2/3 and the lower 1/3 of the anal canal

204
Q

What are the four layers of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscular externa

Serosa/Adventitia

205
Q

At what four junctions does the GI tract mucosa undergo an abrupt transition?

A

Gastro-oesophageal

Gastro-duodenal

Ileo-cecal

Recta-anal

206
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous

207
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the stomach?

A

Simple columnar

208
Q

What are the four secretory cells of the stomach?

A

Chief cells

G cells

Parietal cells

ECL cells

209
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar

210
Q

In the epithelium of the stomach what two cell types are found?

A

Goblet cells

Epithelial cells

211
Q

What does the submucosa of the duodenum contain?

A

Brunner’s glands

212
Q

What is the role of Brunner’s glands?

A

To produce an alkaline substance to neutralise chyme

213
Q

Are there Peyer’s patches in the duodenum?

A

Yes

214
Q

What does the lamina propria of the ileum contain?

A

Peyer’s patches

215
Q

Describe the muscualris externa of the colon

A

Smooth as no plicate circulars os intestinal vili present

Outer longitudinal layer forms the tenaie coli

216
Q

Describe the histological features of the appendix

A

The mucosa has no villi

Fewer goblet cells to the colon

Ring of lymph follicles in the lamina propria

217
Q

What are the four lobes of the liver?

A

Right lobe

Left lobe

Caudate

Quadrate

218
Q

Where is the round ligament of the liver an embryological remnant of?

A

Umbilical veins

219
Q

What is the porta hepatis?

A

A deep fissure in the inferior surface of the liver where ducts and neurovascular structures leave the liver

220
Q

What are the five structures within the porta hepatis?

A

Portal vein

Hepatic artery

Bile duct

Lymphatic

Nerves

221
Q

Where does the central vein in the liver drain to?

A

IVC

222
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Liver

223
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gallbladder

224
Q

How does bile enter the duodenum?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

225
Q

What is Calot’s triangle?

A

A triangular space formed by the cystic duct, common hepatic duct and the inferior surface of the liver

226
Q

What is contained within Calot’s triangle?

A

The cystic artery

227
Q

What type of gland is the pancreas?

A

Endocrine

Exocrine

228
Q

How is the pancreas peritonised?

A

Retroperitonised

229
Q

What vein is formed posterior to the neck of the pancreas?

A

SMV

230
Q

What two nerves supply the pancreas?

A

Coeliac trunk

SMA

231
Q

What two veins drain the pancreas?

A

Splenic vein

SMV

232
Q

What two nerves supply the pancreas?

A

Coeliac plexus

Superior mesenteric plexus

233
Q

How is the spleen peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

234
Q

What are the three structures in the hilum of the spleen?

A

Splenic artery

Splenic vein

235
Q

Which part of the pancreas is related to the hilum of the spleen?

A

Tail

Year Two - Anatomy (7 decks)

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