Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year Two - Anatomy > MSK System - Lower Limb > Flashcards

MSK System - Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What three bones form the hip bone?

A

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What foreamen is found within the hip bone?

A

Obturator foreamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the longest bone in the body?

A

Femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is the femur located?

A

In the thigh, between the hip joint to the knee joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the name of the femur head depression? What ligament attaches to this area?

A

Fovea

Ligament of the femur head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does the ligament of the femur head extend from?

A

It extends from the fovea to the transverse acetabular ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What three arteries supply the head of the femur?

A

Obturator nerve

Medial circumflex femoral artery

Lateral circumflex femoral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which vessel is the main blood supply to the femoral head?

A

Medial femoral circumflex artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In which patients does femur neck fractures tend to occur in?

A

Older female with osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What line exists between the greater and lesser trochanter of the femur?

A

Intertrochanteric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What line exists in the shaft of the femur?

A

Linea aspera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the femoral head articulate with? What joint does this form?

A

The acetabulum of the hip

Hip joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do the two hemi-pelvises articulate?

A

Pubic symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What two superficial veins drain the lower limb?

A

Great saphenous vein

Lesser saphenous vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where do the great and lesser saphenous veins arise?

A

Dorsal venous arch of the foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What vein does the great saphenous vein drain into?

A

Femoral vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

On what aspect of the lower limb is the great saphenous vein located?

A

Medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What vein does the lesser saphenous vein drain into?

A

Popliteal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

On what aspect of the lower limb is the lesser saphenous vein located?

A

Posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which superficial vein ascends anterior to the medial malleolus of the tibia?

A

Great saphenous vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which superficial vein ascends posterior to the lateral malleolus of the tibia?

A

Lesser saphenous vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

A condition in which the valves within the leg become incompetent, causing the vessels to dilate and become tortuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is thrombophlebitis?

A

A condition in which varicose veins become inflamed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What pushes blood upwards in the veins of the lower limb?

A

Muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis?

A

A condition in which venous stagnation occurs due to thrombus formation in the deep veins of the lower leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a complication of deep vein thrombosis?

A

It can dislodge and migrate away from its source. It can then lodge in the lungs - pulmonary embolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What three lymph nodes drain the lower limb?

A

Superficial inguinal

Deep inguinal

Popliteal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

On what aspect of the lower limb are superficial inguinal lymph nodes located? Where are they located in relation to the deep inguinal lymph nodes?

A

Medial

Superior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

On what aspect of the lower limb are deep inguinal lymph nodes located? Where are they located in relation to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes?

A

Medial

Inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

On what aspect of the lower limb are popliteal lymph nodes located?

A

Posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What lymph vessels drain into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes?

A

Those accompanying the great saphenous vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What lymph vessels drain into the popliteal lymph nodes?

A

Those accompanying the lesser saphenous vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What causes enlargement of the inguinal lymph nodes?

A

Infection inferior to the level of the umbilicus, including the lower limb

Intra-abdominal/pelvic malignancies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What plexus supplies sensory sensation to the lower limb?

A

Lumbar plexus

Sacral plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What dermatome supplies the anterior aspect of the knee?

A

L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What dermatome supplies the big toe of the foot?

A

L5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What dermatome supplies the little toe of the foot?

A

S1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Synovial ball and socket

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why is the hip joint more stable than the shoulder joint?

A

It has a deeper socket

The ligaments are stronger and bigger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Describe the articulation of the hip joint

A

Socket - Acetabular labrum

Ball - Femoral head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does the acetabular labrum cover? What is its function?

A

Femoral head

To add stability to the hip joint by deepening the socket

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the three ligaments of the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral ligament

Pubofemoral ligament

Ischiofemoral ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the strongest ligament of the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where is the iliofemoral ligament located?

A

It is located between the ilium of the hip and the femoral head

Anterior aspect of hip joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Where is the pubofemoral ligament located?

A

It is located between the pubis of the hip and the femoral head

Anterior aspect of hip joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Where is the ischiofemoral ligament located?

A

It is located between the ischium of the hip and the femoral head

Posterior aspect of hip joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament?

A

It prevents hyperextension of the hip joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament?

A

It prevents hyperabduction of the hip joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the three main hip flexors?

A

Iliacus

Psoas major

Pectineus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the collective name used to refer to the iliac and psoas major?

A

Iliopsoas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Where does the iliopsoas arise from and extend to?

A

It arises from the inner pelvis and posterior abdominal wall

It extends to the lesser trochanter of the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What nerve lies between the psoas major and the iliacus?

A

Femoral nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What nerve runs on the surface of the iliopsoas?

A

Genitofemoral nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Where does the pectineus arise from and extend to?

A

It arises from the pubis bone

It extends to the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What nerve supplies the pectineus muscle?

A

Obturator nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What plexus supplies the anterior and medial aspects of the pelvis and thigh?

A

Lumbar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What component of the thigh are the hip flexors contained within?

A

Anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the main flexor of the thigh?

A

Iliopsoas muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are the three extensors of the hip joint?

A

Gluteus maximus

Hamstrings

Adductor magnus - posterior aspect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What three muscles make up the hamstrings?

A

Semitendinous

Semimembranous

Biceps femoris (long head)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the main extensor of the hip joint?

A

Gluteus maximus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What component of the thigh are the hip extensors contained within?

A

Posteior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What plexus supplies the posterior aspects of the pelvis and thigh?

A

Sacral plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the action of the posterior thigh compartment on the knee joint?

A

Flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What component of the thigh are the hip adductors contained within?

A

Medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is adduction of the hip?

A

Movement of a straightened leg inwards crossing the axis of the other leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What nerve supplies the adductors of the hip?

A

Obturator nerve from lumbar plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

How does the obturator nerve exit the pelvis?

A

Via the obturator canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Where is the obturator canal located?

A

It is located lateral to the pubic symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What two muscles form the obturator canal?

A

Obturator externus

Obturator internus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What are the five hip adductors?

A

Adductor longus

Adductor brevis

Adductor magnus

Gracilis

Obturator externus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What hip adductor runs down the medial aspect of the thigh?

A

Gracilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What thigh muscle can be used for transplantation to replace damaged muscles due to its lack of function?

A

Gracilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What muscle is more superior - adductor brevis or longus?

A

Adductor brevis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What muscle is more anterior - adductor brevis or longus?

A

Adductor longus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What hip adductor is largest and most posterior?

A

Adductor magnus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What two nerves supply the adductor magnus muscle?

A

Obturator nerve

The tibial branch of the sciatic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What muscles conduct hip abduction?

A

Deep gluteal muscles, which are located on the posterior aspect of the thigh under the gluteus maximus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Where do hip abductors attach to?

A

The greater trochanter of the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What are the three main hip abductors?

A

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

Piriformis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What hip abductor is most deep - gluteus medius or minimus?

A

Gluteus minimus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What is the action of the hip abductors?

A

Each time you raise one leg off the ground, the abductors of the opposite side of the pelvis contract to provide stability

Involved in climbing stairs rather than walking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What occurs when there is injury to the abductor muscles of the thigh?

A

Trendelenburg gait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What plexus supplies the hip abductors? What nerve innervates the thigh abductors?

A

Sacral

Superior gluteal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Which nerve damage causes a positive Trendelenburg sign?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What is external rotation of the hip?

A

Turning the inside of the foot to face backwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What five muscles are involved in external rotation of the hip?

A

Piriformis

Obturator internus

Gluteus minimus

Superior and inferior gamelli

Quadratus femoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Where do the external rotators of the hip cross the joint? Where do they attach to?

A

Posterior aspect

Greater trochanter of femoral head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Where are the superior and inferior gamelli located?

A

They are located above and below the obturator internus muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What three muscles are involved in internal rotation of the hip?

A

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

Tensor fascia lata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What is internal rotation of the hip?

A

Turning the inside of the foot to face forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Where do the internal rotators of the hip lie? Which aspect of the hip joint do they cross?

A

Posterior aspect

Anterior aspect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What is the quadriceps femoris?

A

A four-headed muscle which forms the main bulk of the anterior thigh region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What are the four heads of the quadriceps femoris?

A

Rectus femoris

Vastus lateralis

Vastus intermedius

Vastus medialis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

On what aspect of the thigh does the vastus lateralis muscle lie?

A

Anterior, lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

On what aspect of the thigh does the vastus medalis muscle lie?

A

Anterior, medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Where does the vastus intermedius lie?

A

Between the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

What muscle is more anterior - vastus lateralis or medialis?

A

Vastus lateralis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior thigh muscles?

A

Femoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

What is the action of the rectus femoris muscle on the hip joint?

A

Flexion of the hip joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

What do the heads of the quadriceps femoris muscle form? Where do they unite?

A

Quadriceps tendon

Proximal to the patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

What does the quadriceps tendon continue as once it passes the patella?

A

Patellar ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Where does the patellar tendon attach?

A

The tibial tuberosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

What is the action of the quadriceps femoris on the hip joint and the knee joint?

A

It flexes the hip joint

It extends the knee joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

What muscle lies on top of the vastus intermedius?

A

Rectus femoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

What is the longest muscle in the body?

A

Sartorius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

What is the most superficial muscle in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Sartorius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

What are the four functions of the sartorius muscle?

A

Flexion of the hip joint

Flexion of the knee joint

External rotation of the hip joint

Abduction of the hip joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

What muscle is used to place your right foot on your left knee and then slide the foot down your leg? Why?

A

Sartorius

It assist with medial rotation of the tibia on the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

What nerve supplies the sartorius?

A

Anterior division of the femoral nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Where does the sartorius muscle arise and extend to?

A

It arises in the ASIS

It extends to the pes anserinus on the medial aspect of the tibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Which three thigh muscles extend to the pes anserinus of the tibia?

A

Sartorius

Gracilis

Semimembranous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

What are the clinical features of pes anserinus bursitis?

A

Pain on the medial, proximal aspect of the tibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

What are the three actions of the sartorius on the hip joint?

A

Flexion

Abduction

External rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

What is the action of the sartorius on the knee joint?

A

Flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

How does the sartorius exert flexion on both the hip and knee joint?

A

It spirals around the thigh from lateral to medial, crossing the hip joint anteriorly and the knee joint posterior-medially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

What three neurovascular structures pass through the obturator canal?

A

Obturator artery

Obturator vein

Obturator nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

Which fossa do the neurovascular structures pass through after the obturator canal?

A

Popliteal fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

What do the neurovascular structures of the anterior aspect of the lower limb enter through?

A

Femoral triangle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

What muscle forms the medial border of the femoral triangle?

A

Adductor longus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

What muscle forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

A

Sartorius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

What structure forms the base of the femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

Which vessel is located at the midpoint of the inguinal ligament?

A

Femoral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

What two muscles forms the floor of the femoral triangle?

A

Iliopsoas

Pectineus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

What three structures pass through the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral artery

Femoral vein

Femoral nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

What is the femoral sheath?

A

A funnel shaped connective tissue tube which surrounds the proximal part of the femoral vessels (but not the nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

What is contained within the femoral canal?

A

Lymphatic vessels

Fat and loose connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

What are the three compartments of the femoral sheath?

A

Lateral

Intermediate

Medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

What is contained within the lateral compartment of the femoral sheath?

A

Femoral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

What is contained within the intermediate compartment of the femoral sheath?

A

Femoral vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

What is contained within the medial compartment of the femoral sheath?

A

Femoral canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

What is a femoral hernia?

A

A condition in which an increase in abdominal pressure can cause abdominal contents to push into the femoral ring and become trapped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

Which gender is most commonly affected by femoral hernias?

A

Females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

What is the main artery of the lower limb?

A

Femoral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

Where does the femoral artery begin?

A

Inguinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

What is the femoral artery a continuation of?

A

External iliac artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

Between which two bony landmarks does the femoral artery enter the thigh?

A

ASIS

Pubic symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

What is the deep artery of the lower limb?

A

Profunda femoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

What is the profounda femoris artery a branch of?

A

External iliac artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

What is the main vein of the lower limb?

A

Femoral vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

What is the femoral vein a continuation of?

A

Great saphenous vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

What does the femoral vein drain into? Where?

A

External iliac vein

As it passes under the inguinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

What two veins drain into the femoral triangle?

A

Profunda femoris

Greater saphenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

Which vein is cannulated for a right cardiac angiography?

A

Femoral vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

What is the largest nerve of the lumbar plexus?

A

Femoral nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

Where does the femoral nerve enter the femoral triangle in relation to to the femoral vessels?

A

Laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

What is the main branch of the femoral nerve?

A

Saphenous nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

What aspect of the leg and foot does the saphenous nerve supply?

A

Medial aspect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

Where do the neurovascular structures of the anterior thigh pass after the femoral triangle?

A

Adductor canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

Where does the adductor canal originate and extend?

A

It arises from the apex of the femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus of the adductor magnus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

In which muscle is the adductor canal located in?

A

Adductor magnus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

Where do the neurovascular structures of the anterior thigh pass after the adductor canal?

A

Adductor hiatus, which is an opening in the adductor magnus tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

What happens to the anterior femoral artery as it passes through the adductor hiatus?

A

It becomes the popliteal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

What are the four contents of the adductor canal?

A

Femoral artery

Femoral vein

Saphenous nerve

Vastus medialis nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

What canal lies underneath the sartorius muscle?

A

Adductor canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

What roots form the lumbar plexus?

A

The ventral roots of L1 - L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

Where do the roots of the lumbar plexus emerge?

A

Through the psoas major muscle on the posterior abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

What are the three terminal branches of the lumbar plexus that innervate the lower limb?

A

Lateral cutaneous nerve

Femoral nerve

Obturator nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

What are the two motor nerves of the lumbar plexus supplying the lower limb? What are their nerve roots?

A

Femoral nerve

Obturator nerve

L2-L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

What sensory nerve of the lumbar plexus supplies the lower limb? What is its nerve roots?

A

Lateral cutaneous nerve

L2-L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

What lumbar plexus nerve is most medial?

A

Obturator nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
162
Q

What lower limb nerve is most lateral?

A

Lateral cutaneous nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
163
Q

What is the pelvic girdle?

A

A bony ring consisting of the sacrum and both hip bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
164
Q

What joins the pelvic girdle anteriorly?

A

The pubic symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
165
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

Secondary cartilaginous joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
166
Q

What joins the pelvic girdle posteriorly?

A

The sacroiliac joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
167
Q

What type of joint are the sacroiliac joints?

A

Synovial plane joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
168
Q

What are the two ligaments of the pelvic girdle?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament

Sacrospinous ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
169
Q

What are the two sciatic foramen?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

Lesser sciatic foramen

170
Q

What is the function of the greater sciatic foramen?

A

The route for structures to enter or leave the pelvis

171
Q

What is the function of the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

The route for structures to enter or leave the perineum

172
Q

Where does the sacrotuberous ligament extend?

A

It extends from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity

173
Q

Where does the sacrospinous ligament extend?

A

It extends from the sacrum to the ischial spine

174
Q

Which ligament does the lesser sciatic foramen sit behind?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament

175
Q

Where are the pelvic girdle ligament seen best?

A

Posteriorly

176
Q

What nerve innervates the gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

177
Q

What nerve innervates the gluteus medius and minimus?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

178
Q

What posterior thigh muscle lies most laterally?

A

Tensor fasciae latae

179
Q

What nerve innervates the tensor fasciae latae?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

180
Q

What plexus are the superior and inferior gluteal nerves a branch of?

A

Sacral plexus

181
Q

What are the actions of the gluteus maximus?

A

It extends the hip

182
Q

What are the actions of the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia latae?

A

They abductors and internal rotators of the hip

183
Q

What is the deep fascia of the thigh?

A

Fascia lata

184
Q

Where is the fascia lata located?

A

It extends posteriorly from the ilium to the tibia

It is thickened laterally

185
Q

What does the fascia lata form?

A

The iliotibial tract

186
Q

What two muscles attach to the fascia lata?

A

Tensor fascia lata

Gluteus maximus

187
Q

What is the function of the iliotibial tract?

A

To stabilise the lateral aspect of the knee joint

188
Q

What are the roots of the sacral plexus?

A

The ventral rami of L4-S4

189
Q

What muscle does the sacral plexus lie on?

A

Piriformis

190
Q

What does the sacral plexus supply?

A

The posterior aspect of the lower limb

The perineum

191
Q

What is the main branch of the sacral plexus, that supplies the lower limb?

A

Sciatic nerve

192
Q

What is the main branch of the sacral plexus, that supplies the perineum?

A

Pudenal nerve

193
Q

What are two smaller motor branches of the sacral plexus?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

Inferior gluteal nerve

194
Q

What is the root value of the superior gluteal nerve?

A

L4-S1

195
Q

What is the root value of the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

L5-S2

196
Q

What is the largest nerve of the body?

A

Sciatic nerve

197
Q

What are the root values of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4 to S3

198
Q

What foramen does the sciatic nerve pass through?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

199
Q

How does the sciatic nerve pass in relation to the piriformis muscle?

A

Inferior

200
Q

Which compartment of the thigh does the sciatic nerve run?

A

Posterior

201
Q

What two nerves does the sciatic nerve divide into? Where?

A

Tibial nerve

Common fibular nerve

Popliteal fossa

202
Q

Is the common fibular nerve lateral or medial?

A

Lateral

203
Q

Is the tibial nerve lateral or medial?

A

Medial

204
Q

What is sciatica?

A

A condition in which the sciatic nerve is compressed, causing an electric shock pain passing from the back down to the toes

205
Q

Does the sciatic nerve supply any muscles in the gluteal region?

A

No

206
Q

What two joints do the hamstrings act on?

A

Hip joint

Knee joint

207
Q

What is the most medial hamstring muscle?

A

Semimembranosus

208
Q

How can we remember the aspect of the thigh in which the semimembranous muscle lies?

A

semiMembranosus

Medial

209
Q

What is the intermediate hamstring muscle?

A

Semitendinosus

210
Q

What is the most lateral hamstring muscle?

A

Biceps femoris (long head)

211
Q

Where does the long and short head of biceps femoris insert?

A

Head of the fibula

212
Q

Which hamstring is most commonly injured in sports?

A

Biceps femoris

213
Q

Which nerve innervates the long head of the biceps femoris muscle?

A

Tibial division of the sciatic nerve

214
Q

Which nerve innervates the short head of the biceps femoris muscle?

A

Common fibular nerve of the sciatic nerve

215
Q

What is the action of the hamstrings on the hip joint?

A

Extension

216
Q

What is the action of the hamstrings on the knee joint?

A

Flexion

217
Q

Which artery supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Profunda femoris artery

218
Q

Which nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Sciatic nerve

219
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

Synovial hinge

220
Q

What is the largest synovial joint in the body?

A

Knee joint

221
Q

What two movements occur at the knee joint?

A

Flexion

Extension

222
Q

Describe the articulation of the knee joint

A

The medial epicondyle of the femur articulates with the medial epicondyle of the tibia

The lateral epicondyle of the femur articulates with the lateral epicondyle of the tibia

223
Q

What is the most important muscle that stabilises the knee joint?

A

Quadriceps femoris

224
Q

What three nerves innervate the knee joint?

A

Femoral

Sciatic

Obturator

225
Q

What are the four ligaments of the knee joint?

A

Fibular collateral ligament

Tibial collateral ligament

Anterior cruciate ligament

Posterior cruciate ligament

226
Q

What is another name for the fibular collateral ligament?

A

Lateral collateral ligament

227
Q

Where does the FCL arise and extend to?

A

It arises from the lateral epicondyle of the femur

It extends to the lateral surface of the head of the fibula

228
Q

What muscle tendon passes deep to the FCL?

A

Popliteus

229
Q

Why is the FCL not attached to the lateral meniscus?

A

Popliteus muscle passes deep to the FCL

230
Q

What is another name for the tibial collateral ligament?

A

Medial collateral ligament

231
Q

Where does the TCL arise and extend to?

A

It arises from the medial epicondyle of the femur

It extends to the medial surface of the head of the tibia

232
Q

What does the TCL attach to?

A

Medial meniscus

233
Q

Where is the TCL commonly torn?

A

At its attachment to the medial meniscus

234
Q

Where does the ACL originate and extend?

A

Origin - The medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle

Insertion - The anterior intercondylar area of the tibial plateau

We can remember this by putting our hands in out pocket - superolateral to inferomedial

235
Q

What is the action of the ACL?

A

It prevents the femur from sliding posterior on the tibia, preventing hyperextension

236
Q

What artery supplies the ACL?

A

Middle genicular artery

237
Q

Where does the PCL originate and extend?

A

Origin - The lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle

Insertion - The posterior intercondylar area of the tibial plateau

238
Q

Which structure separates the posterior cruciate ligament from the popliteal artery?

A

Oblique popliteal ligament

239
Q

What is the action of the PCL?

A

It prevents the femur from sliding anterior on the tibia - preventing hyperflexion

240
Q

What is more common - ACL or PCL tear?

A

ACL

241
Q

What condition may develop if rupture of the ACL is untreated for a prolonged period?

A

Osteoarthritis

242
Q

What immediate condition occurs when the ACL is ruptures?

A

Haemarthrosis

243
Q

What is the ‘unhappy triad’ when it comes to knee injuries?

A

Torn ACL

Torn TCL

Torn medial meniscus

244
Q

What is the function of the popliteus?

A

It helps release the fully extended knee - conducting the first 15 degrees of flexion

Specifically, when flexing the knee from a fully extended position, this muscle rotates the femur laterally on the tibia

245
Q

What are the menisci of the knee joint?

A

They are crescent shaped plates of fibrocartilage directly on the articular surface of tibia

246
Q

What are the functions of the menisci?

A

To increase stability of the knee

To provide lubrication and shock

247
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

A

Patella

248
Q

Where is the patella positioned?

A

Anterior of the knee joint

249
Q

What attaches to the patella superiorly?

A

Quadratus femoris tendon

250
Q

What attaches to the patella inferiorly?

A

Patellar ligament

251
Q

What causes movement of the patella?

A

Flexion

252
Q

What are the four bursae of the knee joint?

A

Suprapatellar bursa

Subtendinous bursa

Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa

Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa

253
Q

Where is the suprapatellar bursa located?

A

Above the patella

254
Q

Where is the subtendinous bursa located?

A

Infront of the patella

255
Q

Where is the subcutaneous prepatellar bursa located?

A

Below patella, behind the patellar ligament

256
Q

Where is the subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa located?

A

Below patella, infront of the patellar ligament

257
Q

Which bursa communicates with the articulatr cavity of the knee joint? What is the clinical significance of this?

A

Suprapatellar bursa

It helps to allow the quadriceps tendons to move more easily over the femur during knee movements

258
Q

What is housemaid’s knee?

A

The inflammation of the subcutaneous prepatellar bursa

259
Q

What two muscles are involved in knee flexion?

A

Hamstrings

Sartorius

260
Q

What muscles are involved in knee extension?

A

Quadriceps femoris

261
Q

Which lymph nodes receive lymph from external genitalia?

A

Superficial inguinal

262
Q

What muscle damage causes a right-sided “dipping gait”?

A

Left gluteus medius

Left gluteus minimus

263
Q

Which nerve supplies the adductor group of muscles that act on the hip joint?

A

Obturator

264
Q

What is the name of the tubercle situated on the anterior, proximal tibia?

A

Gerdy tubercle

265
Q

On which bone is the medial malleolus situated on?

A

Tibia

266
Q

On which bone is the lateral malleolus situated on?

A

Fibula

267
Q

What holds the tibia and fibula together?

A

Interosseous membrane

268
Q

What is the role of the interoesseous membrane?

A

To provide stability to skeletal bones

269
Q

What are the two joints that hold the tibia and fibula in place?

A

Superior (proximal) tibia-fibular joint

Inferior (distal) tibia-fibular joint

270
Q

What type of joint is the superior (proximal) tibia-fibular joint?

A

Synovial plane

271
Q

What type of joint is the inferior (distal) tibia-fibular joint?

A

Syndesmosis plane

272
Q

Which bone is more anterior - tibia or fibula?

A

Tibia

273
Q

What is the anterior bony prominence felt 3 to 4cm below the knee joint?

A

Tibial tuberosity

274
Q

Which tendon attaches to the superior aspect of the tibial tuberosity?

A

Patellar

275
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Movement of the ankle upwards

276
Q

What is plantarflexion?

A

Movement of the ankle downwards

277
Q

What is eversion?

A

Movement of the ankle outwards

278
Q

What is inversion?

A

Movement of the ankle inwards

279
Q

What are the four muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibialis anterior

Extensor digitorum longus

Extensor hallucis longus

Fibularis tertius

280
Q

What is the function of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Dorsiflexors of the ankle joint

Extensors of the toes

281
Q

What is the combined function of the tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior?

A

Inversion of the foot

282
Q

What foot arch does the tibialis anterior support?

A

Medial longitudinal foot arch

283
Q

What are the two divisions of the popliteal artery as it enters the leg?

A

Anterior tibial artery

Posterior tibial artery

284
Q

What does the common fibular nerve divide into within the leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve

Superficial fibular nerve

285
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve

286
Q

What is the sural nerve formed of?

A

Common Fibular Nerve

Tibial Nerve

287
Q

What does the sural nerve supply?

A

Cutaneous innervation to the lateral foot

Posterolateral aspect of the leg

288
Q

Where does the sural nerve lie?

A

It lies posterior to the lateral malleolus

289
Q

Where does the tibialis anterior insert?

A

Base of 1st metatarsal

290
Q

Where does the extensor digitorum longus insert?

A

Distal phalanges of the the lateral four digits

291
Q

Where does the extensor hallucis longus insert?

A

Distal phalanx of big toe

292
Q

Where does the extensor digitorum/hallucis brevis insert?

A

Proximal phalanx

293
Q

What is stronger EHL or EDL?

A

EHL

294
Q

Where does the fibulas tertius insert?

A

Dorsum of 5th metatarsal base

295
Q

What artery is associated with the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Anterior tibial artery

296
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery continue into?

A

Dorsalis pedis artery

297
Q

How do we palpate the dorsalis pedis artery?

A

The feet need to be slightly dorsiflexed.

We then pass along a line from the extensor retinaculum to a point just lateral to the tendon of extensor hallucis longus

298
Q

What nerve is most lateral - superficial fibular nerve or deep fibular nerve?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

299
Q

What are the two muscles in the lateral leg?

A

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

300
Q

What are the actions of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Eversion of the foot (weak)

Plantarfelxion of the ankle joint

301
Q

What nerve supplies the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

302
Q

What nerve damage causes foot drop (inability to dorsiflex)?

A

Common fibular nerve

303
Q

Which nerve is affected by fractures to the neck of the fibula?

A

Common fibular nerve

304
Q

What muscle is more lateral - fibularis longus or fibularis brevis?

A

Fibularis longus

305
Q

What two muscles lie behind the lateral malleolus?

A

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

306
Q

What is the combined action of the fiburalis tertius and lateral compartment (fibularis longus, fibularis brevis)?

A

Eversion

307
Q

What is the dorsum of the foot - anterior or posterior aspect?

A

Anterior

308
Q

What two pulses can be felt around the foot and ankle area?

A

Dorsalis pedis

Posterior tibial

309
Q

Where is the posterior tibial pulse felt?

A

Behind the medial malleolus

310
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

Synovial hinge

Mortise

311
Q

Describe the articulation of the ankle joint

A

The distal ends of the tibia and fibula and the transverse part of the posterior tibia-fibular ligament form a malleolar mortise (deep socket) to which the superior aspect of the talus fits into

312
Q

What is the surface of the talus covered in?

A

Articular cartilage

313
Q

What grips the talus tightly during movements of the ankle joint?

A

Malleoli

314
Q

When is the malleolar grip on the ankle strongest?

A

Dorsiflexion

315
Q

When is the ankle joint the most unstable?

A

Plantarflexion

316
Q

What retinaculum is found on the anterior aspect of the foot? What are the two subtypes?

A

Extensor retinaculum

Superior, inferior

317
Q

Which extensor retinaculum is Y-shaped?

A

Inferior

318
Q

What retinaculum is found on the posterior aspect of the foot?

A

Flexor retinaculum

319
Q

What are the seven ligaments of the ankle joint?

A

Tibionacivular ligament

Tibiocalcaneal ligament

Posterior talofibular ligament

Anterior talofibular ligament

Anterior tibiofibular ligament

Posterior tibiofibular ligament

Calcaneofibular ligament

320
Q

Where does the tibionavicular ligament extend?

A

It extends from the medial aspect of the tibia to the navicular bone

321
Q

Where does the tibiocalcaneal ligament extend?

A

It extends from the medial aspect of the tibia to the calcaneus bone

322
Q

Where does the posterior talofibular ligament extend?

A

It extends posteriorly from the lateral aspect of the fibula to the talus bone

323
Q

Where does the anterior talofibular ligament extend?

A

It extends anteriorly from the lateral aspect of the fibula to the talus bone

324
Q

Where does the posterior tibiofibular ligament extend?

A

It extends posteriorly from the lateral aspect of the fibula to the tibia

325
Q

Where does the anterior tibiofibular ligament extend?

A

It extends anteriorly from the lateral aspect of the fibula to the tibia

326
Q

Where does the calcaneofibular ligament extend?

A

It extends from the lateral aspect of the fibula to the calcaneus bone

327
Q

What ankle ligament is the weakest?

A

Anterior talofibualr ligament

328
Q

What three ligaments are classed as the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint?

A

Anterior talofibular

Posterior talofibular

Calcaneofibular

329
Q

What five ligaments are classed as the medial ligaments of the ankle joint?

A

Anterior tibiotalar

Posterior tibiotalar

Tibiocalcaneal

Tibionavicular

Spring

330
Q

What ligaments of the ankle joint is named the deltoid ligament - medial or lateral?

A

Medial ligament of the ankle

331
Q

During which movement of the subtalar joint are ankle sprains more common?

A

Inversion

332
Q

What can inversion and eversion of the ankle joint fracture?

A

Medial or lateral malleoli

333
Q

What muscles cause dorsiflexion of the foot?

A

Anterior compartment of leg - tibias anterior, EDL, EHL and fibular tertius

334
Q

What muscles cause plantarflexion of the foot?

A

Posterior compartment of leg - soleus, gastrocnemius and plantaris

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

335
Q

What is the popliteal fossa?

A

A fat-filled diamond shape located posterior to the knee joint

336
Q

What are the six contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

Fat

Popliteal artery

Popliteal vein

Popliteal lymph vessels

Tibial nerve

Common fibular nerve

337
Q

What is the relation of the popliteal artery to the popliteal vein?

A

It lies deeply to it

338
Q

What two muscles form the medial border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Semimembranosus

Semitendinosus

339
Q

What muscle forms the lateral border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Biceps femoris

340
Q

What muscle forms the inferior border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Gastrocnemius

341
Q

What is the popliteal artery a continuation of?

A

Femoral artery

342
Q

Where does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

A

As it passes the adductor hiatus

343
Q

How do we palpate the popliteal pulse?

A

We place the knee in a flexed position to relax the surrounding fascia and muscles. We use both hands to palpate the vessel on the back of the knee joint

344
Q

What muscle compartment of the leg is largest?

A

Posterior

345
Q

What are the two divisions of the posterior muscle compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial

Deep

346
Q

What are the three superficial posterior muscles of the leg?

A

Soleus

Plantaris

Gastrocnemius

347
Q

What are the two heads of the gastrocnemius?

A

Medial head

Lateral head

348
Q

What is the function of the gastrocnemius?

A

It plantarflexes the ankle

It is essential for a walking gait

349
Q

What nerve innervates the gastrocnemius?

A

Tibial nerve

350
Q

Which muscles does the tibial nerve lie between?

A

The lateral and medial heads of the gastrocnemius muscle

351
Q

What is the plantaris?

A

A small muscle with a very long tendon that runs on the lateral aspect of the leg

352
Q

What is the function of the plantaris?

A

It plantarflexes the ankle

353
Q

What is the most superficial posterior muscle of the leg?

A

Gastrocnemius

354
Q

What muscle lies underneath the gastrocnemius?

A

Soleus

355
Q

Where does the gastrocnemius muscle insert?

A

Achilles tendon

356
Q

What forms the achilles tendon?

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris tendons

357
Q

What are the four deep posterior leg muscles?

A

Popliteus

Flexor hallucis longus

Tibialis posterior

Flexor digitorum longus

358
Q

Where do the deep posterior leg muscles pass to?

A

The sole of the foot, but don’t travel around the calcaneus

They pass medially to the door of the foot, posterior to the medial malleolus

359
Q

What are the actions of the deep posterior leg muscles?

A

They flex the toes and/or the ankle

360
Q

Where does the popliteus muscle originate from?

A

The lateral condyle of the femur

361
Q

Which nerve accompanies the deep posterior leg muscles through the door to the foot?

A

Tibial nerve

362
Q

Which artery accompanies the deep posterior leg muscles through the door to the foot?

A

Posterior tibial artery

363
Q

List the structures passing behind the medial malleolus from anterior to posterior

A

TOM DICK AND HARRY

Tibialis posterior

Flexor digitorum longus

Posterior tibial vein

Posterior tibial artery

Tibial nerve

Flexor hallucis longus

364
Q

Which nerve innervates all the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

365
Q

Which artery innervates all the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Posterior tibial artery

366
Q

How is the posterior tibial artery palpated?

A

It is palpated between the posterior surface of the medial malleolus and the medial border of the calcaneal tendon

367
Q

What artery is found medially in the posterior leg?

A

Posterior tibial artery

368
Q

What artery is found laterally in the posterior leg?

A

Fibular artery

369
Q

What are the six bones of the foot?

A

Talus

Calcaneus

Navicular

Cuboid

Cuneiform

Metatarsal

370
Q

What is the deep fascia of the foot known as?

A

Plantar fascia

371
Q

What is the function of the plantar fascia?

A

It supports the arches of the foot

It acts as a spring when pushing off in normal walking gait

372
Q

What is a clinical feature of plantar fasciitis?

A

Heel pain

373
Q

What causes plantar fasciitis?

A

Overuse

Increase in weight

Increase in age

374
Q

What movements of the ankle are achieved at the mortise joint of the ankle?

A

Dorsiflexion

Plantarflexion

375
Q

Where does eversion and inversion of the foot occur?

A

Subtalar joints

376
Q

What ligaments are damaged when there is constant inversion of the foot?

A

Lateral ligaments of the ankle

377
Q

What are the two subtalar joints?

A

Talonavicular

Talocalcaneal

378
Q

What type of joint is the talonavicular joint?

A

Ball and socket

379
Q

What is the action of the subtalar foot joints?

A

Weight distribution

Walking on uneven ground

Balancing on one leg

380
Q

Where does the talonavicular ligament exist?

A

Between the talus and navicular bones

381
Q

Where does the talocalcaneal ligament exist?

A

Between the talus and calcaneus bones

382
Q

What are the three arches of the foot?

A

Two Longitudinal (medial and lateral)

One Transverse

383
Q

What is the function of the foot arches?

A

They distribute body weight on to the main fat pads

Shock absorption

384
Q

What is another name for the spring ligament?

A

Plantar calcaneo-navicular

385
Q

What is the function of the spring ligament?

A

To maintain the medial longitudinal arch and contribute to the subtalar joints

386
Q

Where does the spring ligament extend?

A

It arises from the calcaneus to the navicular bone

387
Q

What are the four passive factors that maintain the foot arches?

A

Shape of the united bones

Plantar fascia

Long plantar ligament

Short plantar ligament

388
Q

Where is the long plantar ligament located?

A

It extends from the calcaneus to the cuboid bones

389
Q

Where is the short plantar ligament located?

A

It runs from the calcaneus to the cuboid bone but deeper to the long plantar ligament

390
Q

What nerve supplies the long plantar ligament?

A

Lateral plantar nerve

391
Q

What are the four dynamic factors that maintain the foot arches?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the foot

Long flexor tendons

Tendon of tibialis posterior

Tendon of fibularis longus

392
Q

What is another name for high foot arches?

A

Pes cavus

393
Q

What is the cause for high foot arches?

A

Congenital abnormalities (cerebral palsy) that cause fixed contractions of the flexor muscles

394
Q

What is another name for flat feet?

A

Pes planus

395
Q

What is the cause for flat feet?

A

Dysfunction of one or more of the dynamic or passive factors that maintain the foot arches

396
Q

How many muscles layers are there of the foot?

A

Four

397
Q

What four foot muscles are contained within layer one?

A

Flexor digitorum brevis

Abductor hallucis longus

Abductor digiti minimi

Lumbricals

398
Q

Where does the abductor digiti minimi insert?

A

Onto the little toe

399
Q

Where does the abductor hallucis longus insert?

A

Onto the big toe

400
Q

Where does the flexor digitorum brevis insert?

A

Onto the proximal phalanx of the second to fourth toes

401
Q

What is the function of the lumbricals?

A

They flex the metatarsophalangeal joints

They extend the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints

402
Q

What three foot muscles are contained within layer two?

A

Flexor hallucis longus tendon

Flexor digitorum longus tendon

Flexor digitorum accessoris tendon

403
Q

What two nerves and arteries are found within layer two of the foot?

A

Medial plantar nerve and artery

Lateral plantar nerve and artery

404
Q

What are the medial and lateral plantar arteries a branch of?

A

Posterior tibial artery

405
Q

What aspects of the leg and foot does the posterior tibial artery supply?

A

Posterior compartment of the leg

Plantar surface of the foot

406
Q

Where does the flexor hallucis longus tendon insert?

A

Distal phalanx of the big toe

407
Q

Where does the flexor digitorum longus tendon insert?

A

Distal phalanx of the second to fifth toes

408
Q

What muscle attaches to the flexor digitorum longus tendon?

A

Quadratus plantae

409
Q

What is the function of the first foot layer?

A

They flex the toes

They initiate the first part of the gait cycle

410
Q

What are the medial and lateral plantar nerves a branch of?

A

Tibial nerve

411
Q

Which nerve supplies the majority of muscles in the sole of the foot?

A

Lateral plantar nerve

412
Q

What is the function of the second foot layer?

A

They flex the toes

413
Q

What is the function of the third foot layer?

A

They adduct and flex the toes

414
Q

What is the function of the fourth foot layer?

A

Abduction and adduction

415
Q

What makes up the fourth foot layer?

A

Interossei

416
Q

What are the actions of the plantar interossei?

A

Adduct the digits

417
Q

What are the actions of the dorsal interossei?

A

Abduct the digits

418
Q

What aspect of the foot does the superficial fibular nerve supply?

A

Dorsum of the foot

419
Q

What aspect of the foot does the deep fibular nerve supply?

A

Web space between the first and second toes

420
Q

What type of joint is the interphalangeal joint?

A

Synovial hinge

421
Q

What is the transverse tarsal joint?

A

It is formed by the articulation of the calcaneus with the cuboid (the calcaneocuboid joint) and the articulation of the talus with the navicular (the talocalcaneonavicular joint)

422
Q

Where does the extensor digitorum/hallucis brevis insert?

A

Proximal phalanx

Year Two - Anatomy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions