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VT 266 Clin Path & Parasitology > Urinary Sediment Analysis > Flashcards

Urinary Sediment Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary Sediment Analysis Refer to?

A
  • Detects abnormalities not seen on gross examination &/or biochemical analysis
  • Confirms Results from Biochemical Analysis
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2
Q

Urine collected for sediment analysis should be?

A
  1. Fresh Sample
  2. Concentrated Urine Sample
  3. Collected by Cystocentesis
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3
Q

Urine for sediment analysis should be collected by?

A

Cystocentesis

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4
Q

Urinary Sediment Component: Red Blood Cells

A
  • Indicated bleeding from somewhere in the urinary tract
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5
Q

Urinary Sediment Component: Red Blood Cells Indicates

A
  1. Bacterial UTI
  2. Urolithiasis
  3. Interstitial Cystitis
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6
Q

Urinary Sediment Component: White Blood Cells

A

Leukocytes / White blood cells in the urine
*Indicates inflammation of the urinary tract

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7
Q

Urinary Sediment Component: White Blood Cells Causes

A
  1. Bacterial UTI
  2. Urolithiasis
  3. Neoplasia
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8
Q

Urinary Sediment Component: Epithelia Cells Found?

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Transitional
  3. Renal Tubular
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9
Q

Squamous Epithelial cells are found in the?

A

Distal urethra
Vulva
Vagina
Prepuce

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10
Q

Squamous epithelial cells appearance?

A

Flat w/ circular nucleus in the middle
(Looks like a fried egg)

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11
Q

Transitional Epithelial cells are found?

A

Renal Pelvis
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Proximal Urethra

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12
Q

Transitional Epithelial cell apperance

A

Round w/ circle shapes w/ a bouncy appearance & a round nucleus in the middle

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13
Q

Renal Tubular epithelial cells are found in the?

A

Renal Tubules

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14
Q

Renal tubular epithelial cells appearance?

A

Large round w/ big large nucleus in the middle

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15
Q

Casts are?

A

Cylindrical structures made of precipitates protein that assume the shape of the renal tubular lumen where they form.
*May be indicative of renal disease

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16
Q

Casts may be indicative of?

A

Renal Disease

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17
Q

What are the different casts?

A
  1. Hyaline Cast (Least Severe)
  2. Cellular Cast
  3. Granular Cast
  4. Waxy Cast (Most Severe)
  5. Fatty Casts (Form when fat is present & when other casts are present)
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18
Q

Hyaline Cast consists of?

A

Precipitated Protein

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19
Q

Hyaline Cast consists of?

A

Precipitated Protein

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20
Q

Hyaline Cast findings that are considered normal?

A

0-2 LPF may be considered normal

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21
Q

Which cast is the least severe?

A

Hyaline Cast

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22
Q

Hyaline cast appearance

A

Colorless with squared edges

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23
Q

Cellular Casts are the incorporations of?

A

White blood cells, red blood cels, and renal tubular epithelial cells that are percipated into protein matrix
*Most likely indicates inflammation in the renal tubule

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24
Q

Granular Cast

A

Al represent different stages of degeneration

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25
Q

Waxy cast of a cellular cast severity?

A

Most Severe

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26
Q

Waxy cast appearance?

A

Wider edges w/ squared off ends and opaque in color

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27
Q

Crystals in the urine refer to?

A
  • Crystals form when the constituent minerals are present in the urine
  • Presence in urine may be considered normal or abnormal
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28
Q

What decipher which certain type of crystal forms?

A
  1. Concentration of the constituent minerals in the urine
  2. The pH of the urine
  3. The temperature of the urine
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29
Q

What crystals like alkaline urine pH?

A
  1. Struvite Crystals
  2. MAP Crystals
  3. Triple Phosphate Crystals
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30
Q

What type of crystals like acidic urine pH?

A

Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate Crystals

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31
Q

Amorphous Crystals

A

Immature crystals that are waiting to see what the urine pH is before deciding what type of crystal they will grow up to be

32
Q

Toxicity Crystal

A

The Crystals that form after an animal drinks antifreeze.
*Antifreeze: Ethylene Glycol Toxicity
Crystal Name: Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate

33
Q

Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate

A

Toxicity Crystal / Ethylene Glycol Toxicity / From drinking antifreeze

34
Q

Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate Cyrstals

A

Acidic Urine pH Cyrstals

35
Q

Struvite Crystals

A

Alkaline Urine pH

36
Q

MAP Crystals

A

Struvite Crystals / Alkaline urine pH crystals

37
Q

Triple Phosphate Crystals

A

Struvite Crystals / Alkaline Urine pH Crystals

38
Q

Calcium Carbonate Crystals are normal in what species?

A

Normal in rabbits, horses & guinea pigs since they have alkaline urine pH

39
Q

Rabbits have what acidity of urine?

A

Alkaline urine pH

40
Q

Horses have what acidity of urine?

A

Alkaline urine pH

41
Q

Guinea Pigs have what acidity of urine?

A

Alkaline urine pH

42
Q

Herbavoirs will always have what urine pH

43
Q

Urate (Biurate) Crystals are normal in what breeds?

A

Bulldogs & Dalmatans
*They are also predisposed to urate stones (Bladder stones)

44
Q

Urate Crystals are commonly called?

A

Crab Apple Crystals

45
Q

Urate (Biurate) Crystals appearance?

A

Irregular in shape

46
Q

True/False: Normal urine should be free of microbes?

47
Q

When does contamination of urine samples most commonly happen?

A

When collecting

48
Q

What type of microorganisms are often seen in urine?

A

Bacteria & yeast
*Rod bacteria is most common

49
Q

What bacteria is most commonly seen in a urine sample?

A

Rod Bacteria

50
Q

Bacteria present in a urinary sample is a sign of?

A

Bacteria present in great numbers in UTI

51
Q

What are some miscalleneous items found in urine?

A
  1. Mucus Threads
  2. Spermatozoa
  3. Fat Droplets
  4. Plant fiber including hair
  5. Plant Pollen
  6. Starch Granules
  7. Parasite Eggs
52
Q

Fat droplets in urine are normal in what species?

53
Q

Fat droplets are normal to see in what patients in hospital?

A

Cath patients w/ sterile lubricant

54
Q

Starch Granules are not common anymore because?

A

Starch powder latex gloves are not commonly used anymore

55
Q

What parasite eggs are commonly seen in urine?

A
  1. Capillaria plica
  2. Trichuris vulpis
56
Q

Urinalysis Documentation: How to document Red Blood Cells (RBC) seen in urine:

A

◦ <5 RBC/HPF = Normal
‣ /HPF: Per high powered field (40x)
‣ If less than 5 red blood cells are seen no need to notate this since its considered normal
◦ 3-8 RBC/HPF = 1+
◦ 9 -30 RBC/HPF = 2+
◦ >30 RBC/Hpf but less than packed = 3+
◦ Packed Field / TNTC = 4+
‣ TNTC: To numerous to count

57
Q

Urinalysis Documentation: How to document White Blood Cells (WBC) seen in urine:

A

◦ <10 WBC/hpf = Normal
‣ Less than 10 white blood cells seen in urine no need to notate as this is considered normal
◦ 6-20 WBC/hpf = 1+
◦ 21-50 WBC/hpf = 2+
◦ >50 WBC but less than packed field = 3+
◦ Packed Field / TNTC = 4+
‣ TNTC: To numerous to count

58
Q

Urinalysis Documentation: How to document Bacteria seen in urine

A

Notate any bacteria seen

59
Q

Uroliths

A

Badder Calculi (Stones)

60
Q

Bladder Calculi

A

Bladder Stones

61
Q

Calculi

A

Stones composed of various minerals

62
Q

Uroliths Treatment

A

1 Surgical Removal
2. Diet Change

63
Q

Common types of uroliths?

A
  1. Triple Phosphate
  2. Urate
  3. Cystine
  4. Oxalate
64
Q

Most common type of Urolith?

A

Triple Phosphate

65
Q

Triple phosphate crystals are made of?

A

Salts of magnesium, ammonium, calcium, and phosphate

66
Q

Triple phosphate urolith appearance?

A

‣ Radioopaque, hard, white or yellow

67
Q

Radioopaque

A

Means that the stone can be seen under X-ray

68
Q

Triple phosphate are common in what type of urine pH?

A

Common in alkaline urine

69
Q

Urate is composed of

A

Ammonium urate

70
Q

Urate appearance?

A

‣ Radioluscent, yellow, brittle
• Radioluscent (light is going through them): Cannot be seen on a radiographic

71
Q

Urate is only visible on?

A

• Only visble in ultrasounds

72
Q

Urate is common in what breeds?

A

Dalmatians

73
Q

Cystine is composed of?

A

Amino acid cystine

74
Q

Cystine urolith apperance

A

yellow & smooth

75
Q

Cystine are easily?

A

Pulverized (reduce to fine particles)

76
Q

Oxalate is composed of?

A

Calcium oxalate

77
Q

Oxalate appearance?

A

Radiopaque, hard, sharp protrusions that can severely traumatize the bladder

VT 266 Clin Path & Parasitology (19 decks)

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