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VT 266 Clin Path & Parasitology > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

The kidney produces what 3 important hormones?

A
  1. Renin
  2. Erythropoietin
  3. Active Vitamin D3
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2
Q

What are the 2 main lab test ran to check kidney functions?

A

BUN & Creatinine

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3
Q

What are the 4 major functions of the kidney?

A
  1. Eliminates of metabolic waste from the body
  2. Maintains normal levels of the bodies electrolytes
  3. Maintain normal levels of essential organic molecules to main homeostasis in the body
  4. Produce important hormones
    - Renin
    - Erythropoietin
    - Active Vitamin D3
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4
Q

What percent of filtered molecules are reabsorbed where?

A

90% in the renal tubule

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5
Q

Specific Gravity measures?

A

measures the amount of solids you have in a liquid (urine)
*Measure the sensitive of the urine compared to distilled water

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6
Q

The specific gravity for distilled water is?

A

Zero - there are no solids in distilled water therefore the specific gravity is zero

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7
Q

Specific gravity requires what piece of equipment?

A

Refractometer

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8
Q

Specific Gravity abbreviations?

A
  1. S.G.
  2. U.G.
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9
Q

Specific Gravity Results are recorded/stated?

A

◦ Results are written as a decimal but its spoken “10 & the number you receive from the refractometer”
‣ Example if specific gravity is 45 than you would write it as: 1.045 but you would say “1045”

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10
Q

Urine is most concentrated when? & why?

A

First thing in the morning.
◦ Food & liquids eaten/drank throughout the day reduce the concentration of the urine aka diluted urine
‣ This is what causes the change of color from yellow to colorless
• The more concentrated the more yellow & the less concentrated the color is more colorless/clear

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11
Q

Specific Gravity of Plasma?

A

1.010 - 1.012

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12
Q

Osmolality refers to?

A

It’s a variation of specific gravity - refers to the measure of the concentration of the particles within a liquid aka urine.

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13
Q

What equipment is needed to test Osmolality?

A

Refractometer

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14
Q

Isosthenuria refers to?

A

When the specific gravity of urine is the same specific gravity of plasma.
- Plasma specific gravity: 1.010-1.012
- This means the kidney are not doing a good job filtering
- Isosthenuria is dependent on the specific gravity

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15
Q

Hyposthenuria refers to

A

When the urine has a low concentration - essentially diluted urine
- Diagnosis for low specific gravity results

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16
Q

Hypersthenuria refers to?

A

Concentrated urine
*Increased Specific Gravity

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17
Q

Azotemia

A

-Emia = Blood
*Abnormal urea & nitrogen levels in the bloodstream
*High concentration of urea & creatinine which shows high levels of nitrogen related molecules
*This shows that the kidneys are not functioning properly by eliminating the urea

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18
Q

Uremia

A

Urea and other urine components in the blood
*Common to see in a block cat or a cat in renal failure

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19
Q

Renal Failure

A
  • Generally starts as renal disease which eventually leads to renal failure
  • The inability of the kidneys to perform their functions properly
  • 75% renal damage before Urema and/or Azotemia are beginning to present themselves
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20
Q

What percentage of renal damage is seen before Urema &/or Azotemia begin to present

A
  • 75% renal damage before Urema and/or Azotemia are beginning to present themselves
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21
Q

Bacteriuria

A
  • Bacteria in the urine
  • The presence of bacteria in the urine is not enough to diagnose a UTI because there is bacteria everywhere especially in the environment
    *Free Catch urine collection are almost guaranteed to have bacteria
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22
Q

Urinary Tract Infection

A

Abbreviation: UTI
Bacteria plus white blood cells in the urine
*White blood cells must be present in the urine in order to classify it as a UTI

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23
Q

What must be present to diagnose/classify a Urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

White blood cells w/ bacteria

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24
Q

Dysuria

A
  • Difficulty Urinating
  • Includes straining and/or vocalizing while urinating
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25
Q

Pollakiuria

A

Frequent Urination

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26
Q

Polyuria

A

Excessive amounts of urine being produced

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27
Q

Polydipsia

A

Increase Water Intake

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28
Q

Oliguria

A

Decreased Urine Output

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29
Q

Anuria

A

Not Producing Urine

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30
Q

Diuresis

A

Increased Production of Urine
*Diuretic prescriptions increase the production of urine

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31
Q

Urolithiasis

A
  • Stones in the urine
  • The stones are in the bladder
  • Also called: Bladder Stones
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32
Q

Bladder stones is the common name for?

A

Urolithiasis

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33
Q

-Uria

A

Refers to what’s in and/or what’s happening in the urine

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34
Q

Pyuria

A

The presence of white blood cells & exudate in the urine
*Essentially this means we have a urinary tract infection since we have white blood cells (WBC) & bacteria in the urine

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35
Q

Free Catch Urine Specimen Collection Refers to?

A
  • Not a sterile sample where the urine is collected as the animal urinates
  • Normal to be contaminated by bacteria
  • Mid stream collection is ideal as it reduces bacterial contamination
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36
Q

Free Catch urine sample is ideally collected during what time of the day?

A

Preprandial - Before a meal. Ideally first urine of the morning as this sample is the most concentrated since it has not been affected by any food, water, or exercise

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37
Q

Preprandial

A

Before a Meal

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38
Q

Manual Express Urine Specimen Collection

A

◦ Mainly used in cats & small dogs
◦ Must never exert to much pressure when manually expressing the bladder as it can be ruptured
‣ Manual expression should never be used with animals with urinary tract obstruction (Blocked Cats)
◦ After manual expression the urine may contain RBC since the bladder can be damaged during compression from the expression

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39
Q

Manual Expression should never be used on?

A

Urinary Tract Obstruction - Blocked Cats

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40
Q

Catheterization urine specimen collection

A
  • The preferred method since if done correctly it can provide a sterile sample
  • You must insert catheter into the bladder via the urethra
    *Must easier in males versus females
  • Sterile procedure (Sterile catheter & Sterile Gloves)
  • Avoid trauma to urethral mucosa
  • Common to see red blood cells
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41
Q

Is catheterization urine specimen collection a sterile procedure?

A

Yes - Sterile Gloves & Cath

42
Q

Catheterization urine specimen collection its common to see what in the sample?

A

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

43
Q

Cystocentesis urine specimen collection

A
  • Sterile Colection
  • Very common to use in small animals
    *Not common in large breed dogs
  • Surgical prep is recommended (Shave & Surgical Scrub)
  • Insert sterile needle directly into the badder through the abdominal wall & remove as much urine as possible to avoid leakage through the needle hole
44
Q

Specimen Preservation must be examined?

A

ASAP to eliminate effects of chemical & cellular change

45
Q

To properly preserve your urine specimen samples they must be examined how long after collection? & if it can’t what is proper storage?

A

Within 1 hour.
*Refrigerate or chemicals preserve

46
Q

How long can a urine specimen be refrigerate before cellular change takes places?

A

Max 6 hours

47
Q

After taking your urine specimen out of the refrigerator to run a specific gravity what must you do?

A

Warm the urine sample to room temperature

48
Q

What changes take place as a urine sample stands out in room temperature?

A
  1. Red Blood Cell decrease
  2. Casts Decrease
  3. Glucose Presence Decrease
  4. Sample Turbidity Increases
  5. Crystals Numbers Increase
  6. pH increased due to bacterial breakdown of urea to ammonia
  7. Bacteria numbers increase
49
Q

Turbidity

A

The cloudiness of the urine

50
Q

Urine Gross Examination Includes what 5 components?

A
  1. Urine Volume
  2. Urine Color
  3. Transparency
  4. Odor
  5. Foam
51
Q

Urine Volume Gross examination results are recorded?

A
  1. Normal
  2. Polyuria
  3. Oliguria
52
Q

Urine color gross examination is recorded as?

A
  1. Normal
  2. Abnormal
53
Q

Transparency in a urine gross examination is recorded as?

A
  1. Clear
  2. Cloudy
  3. Flocculent
54
Q

Flocculent

A

Contains small pieces of something (sediment)

55
Q

Odor on a urine gross examination is recorded as?

A
  1. Normal
  2. Abnormal
56
Q

Foam on a urine gross examination is recorded as?

A
  1. Normal
  2. Abnormal
57
Q

Biochemical analysis of urine refers to?

A
  • The chemical substances that are excreted in urine that can be measured & the deviations from the normal expected levels which can be helpful indication of disease.
58
Q

Chemical Assays are made of?

A

Are made using a dipstick with individual test pads for each chemical substance that can be excreted in the urine

59
Q

What 10 chemical substances are excreted in the urine that can be a indication of disease

A
  1. pH
  2. Protein
  3. Glucose
  4. Ketones
  5. Bile Pigments
  6. Blood
  7. Hemoglobin
  8. Myoglobin
  9. Nitrite
  10. Leukocytes
60
Q

pH measures?

A

The measure of acid concentration in the urine

61
Q

Urine is typically what type of pH?

A

Acidic or Alkaline in animals

62
Q

What is the pH of urine in Carnivores

A

pH < 7
Acidic

63
Q

What is the pH of urine in herbivores?

A

pH > 7
Alkaline

64
Q

Abnormally low levels of urine pH is associated with?

A
  1. Hypoventilation
  2. Starving
  3. Prolonged Vomiting
  4. Diarrhea
65
Q

Abnormally high levels of pH in the urine is associated with?

A
  1. Hyperventilation
  2. Bacterial UTI
  3. Postprandial Urine Samples
  4. May be falsely increased if urine is left out at room temperature for a long time before analysis
66
Q

Protein found in the urine refers to?

A

Proteinuria usually indicates urinary disease such as kidney damage &/or Urinary Tract Inflammation

67
Q

Is a small amount of protein in the urine considered normal?

A

No - A small amount of protein is excreted in the urine on a normal basis & is considered normallly but its generally undetectable on tes results.
- Method of urine collection can affect the protein level in the urine as well.
- Prolonged urine contact w/ the test pad on the dipstick can provide false increases

68
Q

Is glucose normally seen in urine?

A

No

69
Q

Glucosuria

A

Glucose in the urine

70
Q

Glucosuria occurs when blood glucose is at?

A

Dogs: >170-180 mg/dl
Cats: >260-310 mg/dl

71
Q

Conditions associated with Glucosuria (Glucose in the urine) are?

A
  1. Diabetes Mellitus
  2. Stress / Excitement
  3. High Carbohydrate Meal
72
Q

Refrigerated urine can do what to the glucose results?

A

Falsely decrease the results

73
Q

Ketones found in the urine refer to?

A

Ketonuria - Ketones found in the urine occurs when fat is metabolized for energy when carbohydrates are not available

74
Q

Ketonuria

A

Ketones in the urine

75
Q

Are Ketones normally found in the urine?

A

No - Ketone is a ground contains acid that’s results from fat breakdown

76
Q

Ketonuria is commonly associated with what conditions?

A
  1. Diabetes Mellitus
  2. Pregnancy Toxemia
  3. Ketosis
  4. Starvation
  5. Fasting
77
Q

Bile pigments are?

A

Chemicals derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin:
1. Bilirubin
2. Urobiliogen

78
Q

Bilirubinuria

A

Bile pigments in the urine

79
Q

Bilirubinuria can lead to?

A
  1. Red Blood Cell Destruction
  2. Heptocellular Damage
  3. Bile Duct Obstruction
80
Q

Bilirubin in small numbers can be detected normally in?

A

In small quantities is normal in dogs

81
Q

Bilirubin is stable or unstable in urine samples?

A

Unstable in urine samples

82
Q

Are red blood cells & hemoglobin detected by the dame chem strip pad?

A

Yes

83
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in the urine

84
Q

Hematuria (blood in the urine) can be due to?

A
  1. Bacterial UTI
  2. Urolithiasis
  3. Interstitial Cystitis
  4. Neoplasia
  5. Renal Disease
  6. Trauma
85
Q

What color is considered abnormal with Hematuria?

A
  1. Wine colored
  2. Brown colored
  3. Cloudy Red
86
Q

What can cause urine to change color?

A

Abnormal urine color may disappear after centrifugation of the sample

87
Q

Is hemoglobin normally present in urine?

A

No

88
Q

Hemoglobinuria

A

Hemoglobin in the urine

89
Q

Hemoglobinuria occurs when?

A

A massive amount of red blood cells are being destroyed

90
Q

Hemoglobinuria is common in what type of patients?

A
  1. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
  2. Blood transfusion incompatibility
91
Q

What color is urine that contains hemoglobin?

A
  1. Wine
  2. Brown
  3. Cloudy Red
92
Q

Will centrifugation change the color of urine contaminated with hemoglobin?

A

No

93
Q

Myoglobin is?

A

An oxygen carrying molecule found in muscle that is similar to hemoglobin
Can be detected by the blood test pad as hemoglobin
Gives a ring of dark black to brown color on sample

94
Q

Myoglobinuria

A

Myoglobin in the urine

95
Q

Myoglobinuria is observed?

A
  1. Significant muscle damage
  2. exertional rhabdomyolysis
  3. trauma
  4. toxicity
96
Q

Nitrite in the urine refers to?

A
  • Nitrite is produced by bacteria from nitrate in the urine
  • Increased levels are suppose to indicate a bacterial UTI
  • Not a reliable test in dogs & cats
97
Q

Is Nitrite a reliable test in dogs & cats?

A

No

98
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells in the urine
*Test pads are not reliable in cats & not great in dogs

99
Q

Pyuria is indicative of?

A

Inflammation in the urinary tract

100
Q

Pyuria is caused from?

A
  1. Bacterial UTI
  2. Urolithiasis (Bladder Stones)

VT 266 Clin Path & Parasitology (19 decks)

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