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Systems 2A Pathology > Urinary Pathology > Flashcards

Urinary Pathology Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Define Acute Kidney Injury.

A

EITHER
- increased serum creatinine >/= 26.5um within 48hrs
OR
- serum creatinine > 1.5 x baseline within the last 7 days
OR
- urine volume 0.5ml/kg/hr for 6hrs

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2
Q

List causes of AKI.

A 
Pre-renal 
- falling renal blood flow leading to decreased GFR
- low cardiac output, hypovolaemia and hypotension due to heart failure
Renal
- acute tubular necrosis
- glomerulonephritis
- myeloma
- injection of IV contrast 
- Drug toxicity
Post-renal
- kidney stones 
- strictures
- fibrosis
- prostatic disease 
- cancer
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3
Q

List the symptoms of AKI.

A
  • anorexia
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • puritis
  • confusion
  • drowsiness
  • reduced urine output
  • hyperkalaemia
  • metabolic acidosis
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4
Q

What investigations would you carry out into AKI?

A
  • ultrasound
  • urinalysis
  • catheterisation
  • assess fluid levels
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5
Q

Who would you treat AKI?

A
  • BP control
  • IV fluids
  • stop precipitating drugs
  • treat complications
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6
Q

Define Chronic Kidney Disease.

A
  • presence of kidney damage
    OR
  • GFR <60ml/min/1.73^2 present >3 months
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7
Q

List causes of CKI.

A
  • polycystic kidney disease
  • renovascular disease
  • multiple myeloma of the kidney
  • TB
  • urinary tract obstruction
  • hypertension
  • diabetes
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8
Q

List symptoms of CKI.

A
  • early stages are often asymptomatic
  • malaise
  • lethargy
  • loss of appetite
  • weight loss
  • insomnia
  • nocturia
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
  • mental slowing
  • scratch marks
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9
Q

What investigations would you carry out into CKI?

A
  • urinalysis
  • urine microscopy
  • U&Es
  • ultrasound
  • CT
  • MRI
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10
Q

How would you treat CKI?

A
  • BP control

- treat underlying cause

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11
Q

Define Minimal Change Disease.

A
  • glomerular disease in which he glomeruli appear to be undamaged on light microscopy, however hey are damaged on electron microscopy
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12
Q

List symptoms of minimal change disease.

A
  • usually affects male children
  • very high facial oedema
  • proteinuria
  • hyperlipidemia
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13
Q

What investigations would you carry out into minimal change disease?

A
  • MSSU
  • renal biopsy
  • ?culture
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14
Q

Who would you treat minimal change disease?

A
  • high dose corticosteriods
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15
Q

Define IgA Glomerulonephritis.

A
  • IgA present in mesangium causes focal and segmental glomerulonephritis
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16
Q

List symptoms of IgA glomerulonephritis.

A
  • usually affects children and young males
  • haematuria
  • proteinuria
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17
Q

What investigations would you carry out into IgA glomerulonephritis.

A
  • renal culture
  • MSSU
  • cystoscopy
  • renal biopsy
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18
Q

How would you treat IgA glomerulonephritis?

A
  • ACEinhibitors

- steroids

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19
Q

Define Membranous Nephropathy.

A
  • increased basement membrane of glomerular capillary means IgG becomes stuck, causing holes and allowing albumin through
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20
Q

Give two symptoms of menbranous nephropathy.

A
  • oedema

- anaemia

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21
Q

What investigations would you do into membranous nephropathy?

A
  • renal biopsy
  • MSSU
  • U&Es
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22
Q

How would you treat membranous nephropathy?

A
  • ACEinhibitors
  • cyclophosphamide
  • steroids
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23
Q

Define Post-Infective Glomerulonephritis.

A
  • glomerulonephritis 2-3 weeks after sore throat or ear infection
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24
Q

Give symptoms of post-infective glomerulonephritis.

Study These Flashcards
A
  • oedema
  • anaemia
  • proteinuria
  • haematuria
25
What investigations would you carry out into post-infective glomerulonephritis?
- renal biposy - MSSU - U&Es - FBC - renal culture
26
How would you treat post-infective glomerulonephritis?
- BP control - diuretics - salt restriction - corticosteroids - dialysis
27
Define Goodpasture's Syndrome.
- anti-GBM antibodies are directed against the collegen of the basement membrane, causing problems with filtration
28
Lists symptoms of Goodpasture's syndrome.
- proteinuria - malaise - weight loss - chills - joint pain - haematuria - oedema
29
What investigations would you carry out into Goodpasture's syndrome?
- MSSU - renal biopsy - U&Es
30
How would you treat Goodpasture's syndrome?
- plasma exchange to remove circulating anti-GBM antibodies | - steroids
31
Define Benign Prostatic Enlargement.
- increased prostate size without any malignancy
32
List symptoms of Benign Prostatic Enlargement.
- increased frequency of urination - nocturia - difficulties initiating stream - urinary retention - incontinence
33
What investigations would you carry out into benign prostatic enlargement.
- digital rectal examination - urine culture - prostate-specific antigen - renal function test - ultrasound
34
How would you treat benign prostatic enlargement?
- alpha-blockers - 5-alpha reductase inhibitors - surgery
35
Define Acute Urinary Retention.
- painful inability to void with a palpable and precussable bladder
36
List causes of acute urinary retention.
- benign prostatic hyperplasia | - pelvic nerve damage
37
Define Chronic Urinary Retention.
- painless, palpable and precussable bladder after voiding
38
How would you treat chronic urinary retention?
- catherterisation
39
Define Diabetic Nephropathy.
- glomerulonephritis as a result of the complications of diabetes
40
List symptoms of diabetic nephropathy.
- nocturia - lethargy - headaches - malaise - polyuria - oedema
41
What investigations would you carry out into diabetic nephropathy?
- glycaemic control - BP control - ACE inhibitors
42
Define Transitional Cell Carcinoma.
- carcinoma of the urothelium that lines the bladder walls and lumen wall
43
List symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma.
- painless, visible haematuria - recurrent UTI - dysuria - change in frequency - nocturia - increased urgency - bladder pain
44
What investigations would you carry out into transition cell carcinoma?
- urine culture, cystoscopy, biopsy, CT urogram, ultrasound, U&Es, urine dipstick
45
How would you treat transitional cell carcinoma?
- resection - chemotherapy - radiotherapy
46
List symptoms of renal cell carcinoma.
- haematuria - loin/flank pain - mass in flank - malaise - anorexia - weight loss
47
What investigations would you carry out into renal cell carcinoma?
- ultrasounds - CT - MRI - DO NOT biopsy as kidney is highly vascular
48
How would you treat renal cell carcinoma?
- surgery | - chemotherapy
49
Define nephrolithasis.
- formation of kidney stones that obstruct the ureters and prevent the flow of urine into the bladder
50
List causes of nephrolithasis.
- hypercalcaemia - dehydration - hypercaluria - infection
51
List symptoms of nephrolithasis.
- flank pain, radiating down gonads - constant or intermittant - haematuria - UTI
52
What investigations would you carry out into nephrolithasis?
- urine dipstick - eGFR - calcium levels - CT
53
How would you treat nephrolithasis?
- extracoporeal shockwave therapy | - surgery
54
List symptoms of prostate cancer.
- patients only symptomatic if local invasion - haematuria - terminal dribbling - increased frequency - increased time to void - increased time to initiate voiding
55
What investigations would you carry out into prostate cancer?
- opportunistic PSA testing - digital rectal examination - ultrasound - biopsy
56
How would you treat prostate cancer?
- surgery - chemotherapy - androgen-receptor blockers
57
List symptoms of testicular cancer.
- most commonly men 15-35 - painful testicular mass - metastasis to para-aortic lymph nodes - gynacomastia
58
What investigations would you carry out into testicular cancer?
- ultrasound - MRI - assay of serum tumour markers - CT
59
How would you treat testicular cancer?
- rapid surgery - chemotherapy - lymph node dissection

Systems 2A Pathology (6 decks)

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