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Systems 2A Pathology > Endocrine Pathology > Flashcards

Endocrine Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Define Type-1 Diabetes.

A
  • diabetes due to lack of production of insulin
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2
Q

Describe type-1 diabetes

A
  • autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leads to none, or very low, levels of insulin being produced
  • this results in increased blood glucose and lack of inhibition of ketones
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3
Q

List symptoms of type-1 diabetes.

A
  • polyuria
  • polydypsia
  • weight loss
  • fever
  • malaise
  • usually presents in younger patients
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4
Q

How would you investigate type-1 diabetes?

A
  • random blood glucose
  • fasting glucose monitoring
  • monitoring HbA1c-c
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5
Q

How would you treat type-1 diabetes?

A
  • lifelong insulin treatment
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6
Q

Define Diabetic Ketoacidosis.

A
  • increased acidity of the blood due to complications of type-1 diabetes
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7
Q

List signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis.

A
  • weight loss
  • polyuria
  • polydypsia
  • tachycardia
  • hyperventilation
  • impaired consciousness
  • smell of ketones on breath
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8
Q

How would you investigate diabetic ketoacidosis?

A
  • urine dipstick
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9
Q

How would you treat diabetic ketoacidosis?

A
  • replace fluid and electrolytes
  • rapid acting insulin
  • monitor blood glucose
  • find underlying cause
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10
Q

Define Type-2 Diabetes.

A
  • diabetes due to insulin receptor resistance due to constantly high plasma glucose levels
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11
Q

List symptoms of type-2 diabetes.

A
  • retinopathy
  • erectile dysfunction
  • arterial disease
  • skin lesions
  • thirst
  • increase frequency or urination
  • lethargy
  • blurring of vision
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12
Q

How would you investigate type-2 diabetes?

A
  • fasting blood glucose
  • random blood glucose
  • HbA1c
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13
Q

How would you treat type-2 diabetes?

A
  • metformin
  • IGF-1 inhibitors
  • insulin
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14
Q

Define Cushing’s syndrome.

A
  • increased cortisol secretion caused by either adrenal hyperplasia or and increase in circulating ACTH due to a tumour
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15
Q

List symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome.

A
  • moon face
  • central weight gain
  • straie
  • easily bruised skin
  • depression
  • poor libido
  • growth arrest in children
  • proximal muscle wastage
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16
Q

How would you investigate Cushing’s syndrome?

A
  • 48hr low dose dexamethasone test
  • ACTH test
  • CT
  • MRI
  • CRH levels
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17
Q

How would you treat Cushing’s syndrome?

A
  • metryapone
  • tumour removal
  • pituitary irradiation
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18
Q

Define Acromegaly.

A
  • chronic increase in growth hormone usually due to a GH secreting pituitary tumour
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19
Q

List symptoms of acromegaly.

A
  • prominent supraorbital ridge
  • large tongue
  • visual field defects
  • spade-like hands and feet
  • carpal tunnel syndrome
  • headaches
  • deep voice
  • goitre
  • lethargy
  • weight gain
  • breathlessness
  • excessive sweating
  • poor libido
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20
Q

How would you investigate acromegaly?

A
  • IGF-1 levels
  • GH levels
  • glucose tolerance test
  • MRI
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21
Q

How would you treat acromegaly?

A
  • surgery
  • somatostatin
  • GH receptor antagonists
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22
Q

Define Hypothyroidism.

A
  • a reduction in the amount of thyroxine produced, usually due to autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland or iodine deficiency
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23
Q

List symptoms of hypothyroidism.

A
  • lethargy
  • weight gain
  • heavy periods
  • poor libido
  • muscle weakness
  • dry skin
  • brittle hair
  • constipation
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24
Q

How would you investigate hypothyroidism?

A
  • thyroid function test
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25
Q

How would you treat hypothyroidism?

A
  • levothyroxine
26
Q

Define Hyperthyroidism.

A
  • an increase in the amount of thyroxine produced, either due to Grave’s disease or thyroxine-secreting tumours
27
Q

List symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

A
  • anxiety
  • weight loss
  • light periods
  • sweaty palms
  • leathery skin
  • diarrhoea
  • tremor
  • ptosis
28
Q

How would you investigate hyperthyroidism?

A
  • thyroid function test
29
Q

How would you treat hyperthyroidism?

A
  • anti-thyroid drugs

- radioiodine therapy

30
Q

Define Addison’s disease.

A
  • reduction of steroid hormones due to destruction of the supradrenal cortex
31
Q

List symptoms of Addison’s disease.

A
  • hyperpigmentation
  • malaise
  • fever
  • anxiety
  • depression
  • weight loss
  • confusion
  • postural hypertension
32
Q

How would you investigate Addison’s disease?

A
  • short ACTH stimulation test
  • CT
  • U&Es
33
Q

How would you treat Addison’s disease?

A
  • steroid hormone replacement therapy
34
Q

Define Phaechromacytoma.

A
  • rare tumour of the sympathic system that releases adrenaline and noradrenaline (10% are malignant)
35
Q

List symptoms of phaechromacytoma.

A
  • anxiety
  • panic attacks
  • sweating
  • palpitations
  • headache
  • hypertension
  • tachycardia
  • bradycardia
  • hypotension
  • fever
36
Q

How would you investigate phaechromacytoma?

A
  • measure metabolites
  • CT
  • MRI
  • PET
37
Q

How would you treat phaechromacytoma?

A
  • surgery
  • alpha blockers
  • beta blockers
38
Q

Define hyperprolactinaemia.

A
  • increased prolactin levels due to pituitary tumour or dopamine antagonists
39
Q

List hyperprolactinaemia symptoms in women.

A
  • galactorrrhoea
  • sore breasts
  • skipping periods
  • delayed puberty
  • decreased libido
  • subfertility
40
Q

List hyperprolactinaemia symptoms in men.

A
  • galactorrhoea
  • decreases libido
  • erectile dysfunction
  • delayed puberty
  • gynacomastia
41
Q

How would you investigate hyperprolactinaemia?

A
  • visual field testing
  • TFTs
  • anterior pituitary function test
  • MRI
42
Q

How would you treat hyperprolactinaemia?

A
  • dopamine agonist
  • radiotherapy
  • tumour resection
43
Q

Define Conn’s syndrome.

A
  • increased aldosterone levels due to pituitary adenoma
44
Q

List symptoms of Conn’s syndrome.

A
  • hypertension
  • hypokalaemia
  • muscle weakness
  • nocturia
  • tetany
45
Q

How would you investigate Conn’s syndrome?

A
  • plasma aldosterone renin ratio
46
Q

How would you treat Conn’s syndrome?

A
  • surgery

- aldosterone antagonist (spirolactone)

47
Q

Define Hypocalcaemia.

A
  • serum calcium <2.20mmol
48
Q

List causes of hypocalcaemia.

A
  • hypoparathyroidism
  • vitamin D deficiency
  • pseudohypoparathyroidism
49
Q

List symptoms of hypocalcaemia.

A
  • neuromuscular irritability
  • laryngospasm
  • bronchospasm
  • bradycardia
  • papilloedema
50
Q

How would you investigate hypocalcaemia?

A
  • serum and urine creatinine
  • serum calcium
  • PTH levels
  • parathyroid antibodies
51
Q

How would you treat hypocalcaemia?

A
  • calcium (oral or IV depending on severity)

- treat underlying cause

52
Q

Define hypercalcaemia.

A
  • serum calcium >2.60mmol
53
Q

List causes of hypercalcaemia.

A
  • parathyroid adenoma
  • excessive vitamin D
  • malignant disease
  • calcium sparing drugs
54
Q

List symptoms of hypercalcaemia.

A
  • polyuria
  • polydypsia
  • nephrolithiasis
  • weight loss
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • muscle weakness
  • decreased concentration
  • decreased QT intervals
55
Q

How would you investigate hypercalcaemia?

A
  • ECG
  • serum calcium
  • serum PTH
  • renal function test
  • serum alkaline phosphatase
56
Q

How would you treat hypercalcaemia?

A
  • surgery

- regular measurement of calcium

57
Q

Define multiple endocrine neoplasia.

A
  • stimultaneous or metachronous occurance of tumours involving a number of endocrine glands
58
Q

Name and describe the types of multiple endocrine neoplasia.

A

MEN 1 - gene defect in menin, which supresses a transcription factor resulting in decreased apoptosis and oncogenesis
MEN 2a - caused be a mutation in RET proto-oncogene in extracellular domain
MEN 2b - same as MEN 2a but in intracellular domain

59
Q

Define pseudoparathyroidism.

A
  • genetic disorder that causes the target organs of PTH to not response to its stimulus
60
Q

List symptoms of pseudoparathyroidism.

A
  • obesity
  • short stature
  • increased PTH
  • signs of hypocalcaemia

Systems 2A Pathology (6 decks)

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