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Systems 2A Pathology > Neurological Pathology > Flashcards

Neurological Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Define multiple sclerosis.

A
  • chronic autoimmune disease of demyelination

- demyelination is found within the CNS, acute episodes are caused by focal inflammation

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2
Q

List symptoms of multiple sclerosis.

A
  • loss of proprioception
  • increased urinary urgency
  • neuropathic pain
  • fatigue
  • spacisity
  • sensory symptoms
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3
Q

What would you expect to find in the lumbar puncture of someone with multiple sclerosis?

A
  • oligoclonal bands
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4
Q

Define myasthenia gravis.

A
  • neuromuscular junction disorder where antibodies reduce the amount of ACh in the synapse
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5
Q

List symptoms of myasthenia gravis.

A
  • muscle weakness
  • diplopia (double vision)
  • ptosis
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6
Q

How would you treat myasthenia gravis?

A
  • ACh inhibitors
  • steroids
  • surgery
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7
Q

Give two causes of myasthenia gravis.

A
  • a thymic tumour (10%)

- thymic hyperplasia (70%)

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8
Q

Define motor neuron disease.

A
  • progressive disease affecting upper and lower motor neurones in the spinal cord
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9
Q

How would you investigate motor neuron disease?

A
  • electromyography (EMG)
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10
Q

What is the approximate survival rate for motor neuron disease?

A
  • three years
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11
Q

Define epilepsy.

A
  • sudden synchronous discharge of cerebral neurons which may be focal or generalised
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12
Q

What investigations would you carry out into epilepsy?

A
  • EEG
  • MRI
  • ECG
  • serum calcium
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13
Q

How would you treat epilepsy?

A
  • sodium valproate
  • carbamezipine
  • buccal midazolam (if seizure >5mins)
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14
Q

Define a cluster headache.

A
  • recurrent bouts of extremely painful, unilateral headaches that usually last 15min-3hrs
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15
Q

How would you treat a cluster headache?

A
  • verapamil (to stop bouts)

- subcutaneous sumatriptin (acute treatment)

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16
Q

How would you treat a migraine?

A
  • NSAIDs
  • triptans
  • beta blockers
17
Q

Define paryoxsmal haemicrania.

A
  • frequent, less severe headaches
18
Q

Define trigeminal neuralgia.

A
  • electric-shock like pain that starts in the course of the manibular nerve
19
Q

How would you treat trigeminal neuralgia?

A
  • carbamezepine

- microvascular decompression

20
Q

Define spina bifida.

A
  • congenital defective closure of the distal neural tube
21
Q

Name and define the types of spina bifida.

A

occulta - outer part of the vertebra are not completely fused
meningocele - meninges herniate posteriorly, forming a cyst filled with CSF
mylomeningocele - nerve also herniate

22
Q

Define meningitis.

A
  • inflammation of the meninges which can be bacterial or viral
23
Q

List symptoms of meningitis.

A
  • stiff neck
  • fever
  • altered mental state
  • petechial skin rash
  • high RR and HR
24
Q

How would you investigate meningitis?

A
  • blood cultures
  • lumbar puncture
  • CT
25
Q

Define encephalitis.

A
  • inflammation of the brain tissue
26
Q

How would you treat encephalitis?

A
  • IV antivirals

- anticonvulsants

27
Q

Define Duchenne’s MD.

A
  • x-linked recessive disorder where dystrophin is missing in muscle
28
Q

How would you investigate Duchenne’s MD?

A
  • muscle staining

- biopsy

29
Q

How would you treat Duchenne’s MD?

A
  • steroids

- physiotherapy

30
Q

Define subarachnoid haemorrhage.

A
  • spontaneous arterial bleeding into the subarachnoid space, usually caused by a popped berry anaeurysm
31
Q

Define Parkinson’s syndrome.

A

Parkinson’s is a loss of dopaminergic neurons caused by Lewy body dementia

32
Q

List symptoms of Parkinson’s syndrome.

A
  • bradykinesia
  • pill-rolling tremor
  • rigidity
  • postural inability
33
Q

How would you treat Parkinson’s syndrome?

A
  • levodopa
  • MAO-B inhibitor
  • dopamine agonist
34
Q

Define Alzheimer’s disease.

A
  • a type of dementia characterised by progressive impairment of congitive function in an altert patient
35
Q

How would you treat Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • cholinesterase inhibitor

- NDMA antagonist

36
Q

Define Guillian-Barre syndrome.

A
  • acute demylinating polyneuropathy with an immune-mediated, post-infective presentation
37
Q

Describe the presentation of Guillian-Barre syndrome.

A
  • paralysis 1-3 weeks after an infection
  • weakness starts distally and moves proximally
  • sensory loss
38
Q

How would you investigate Guillian-Barre syndrome?

A
  • nerve conduction studies

- lumbar puncture

39
Q

How would you treat Guillian-Barre syndrome?

A
  • immunoglobulins

- LMW heparin

Systems 2A Pathology (6 decks)

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