Urinary Obstruction and Altered Voiding

Question 1

What is urinary incontinence?

Answer 1

The involuntary loss of urine

Question 2

Give 5 types of urinary incontinence.

Answer 2

Stress incontinence

Urge incontinence

Mixed incontinence

Overflow incontinence

Functional incontinence

Question 3

60-80% of all kidney stones are made of what?

Answer 3

Calcium oxalate or calcium oxalate mixed with calcium phosphate

Question 4

10-15% of all kidney stones have what name? What are they composed of?

Answer 4

Struvite stones, which are made of magnesium ammonium phosphate

Question 5

What is a common cause of struvite stones?

Answer 5

Bacterial infections

Question 6

Struvite stones which are large and fill the whole kidney are known as what?

Answer 6

Staghorn calculi

Question 7

5-10% of all kidney stones are made from what?

Answer 7

Uric acid

Question 8

Uric acid stones are more common in which individuals?

Answer 8

People who eat a diet rich in animal protein

Question 9

What is the least common kind of kidney stone? What causes these stones?

Answer 9

Cystine stones - caused by cystinuria, which is a genetic condition that causes recurrent stones in younger people

Question 10

List 4 complications of renal calculi.

Answer 10

UTI
Obstruction
Renal impairment
Chronic inflammation

Question 11

What dietary advice should be given to people with kidney stones?

Answer 11

Avoid oxalate containing foods such as tea/coffee, certain fruits and vegetables, nuts

Question 12

Medical expulsive therapy for kidney stones would use which medication?

Answer 12

Tamsulosin

Question 13

Give 4 surgical treatment options for kidney stones.

Answer 13

Ureteric stent

Ureteroscopy

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)

Question 14

Describe a basic pathology of benign prostatic hyperplasia in terms of what it is dependent on and which elements are affected.

Answer 14

Excessive androgen-dependent growth of stromal and glandular elements

Question 15

Which hormone is the mediator of prostatic growth?

Answer 15

Dihydrotestosterone

Question 16

How is testosterone converted into dihydrotestosterone?

Answer 16

5a-reductase, type 2

Question 17

Which receptors in the prostate does dihydrotestosterone bind to?

Answer 17

Nuclear androgen receptors

Question 18

BPH virtually always occurs in which area of the prostate?

Answer 18

Inner transition zone

Question 19

What is stress incontinence?

Answer 19

Leakage of urine during periods of abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, lifting, and straining

Question 20

In stress incontinence, what is the most common cause of sphincter weakness? Also, give 3 other causes.

Answer 20

Damage during childbirth. May also be due to loss of hormone support due to menopause, hysterectomy, or increasing age.

Question 21

Give 2 things a patient could do themselves to improve stress incontinence.

Answer 21

Weight loss and pelvic floor physiotherapy

Question 22

If stress incontinence is caused by menopause, which treatment could be given?

Answer 22

Oestrogen therapy

Question 23

Give 4 surgical treatment options for stress incontinence.

Answer 23

Peri-urethral injections of bulking agent

Colposuspension

Sling surgery

Artificial urinary sphincter

Question 24

What is urge incontinence caused by?

Answer 24

Sudden detrusor contraction with uncontrolled loss of urine

Question 25

List 5 causes of urge incontinence.

Answer 25

Idiopathic detrusor instability

UTI

Obstructive uropathy

Diabetes

Neurological disease

Question 26

Give 3 things a patient could do themselves to improve urge incontinence.

Answer 26

Reduce caffeine intake

Bladder training

Pelvic floor exercises

Question 27

Which medication could be used to treat urge incontinence?

Answer 27

Oxybutynin

Question 28

Give 3 surgical treatment options for urge incontinence.

Answer 28

Botox injections

Sacral neuromodulation

Augmentation cystoplasty