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Block 1 CTB > Introduction to the Kidney > Flashcards

Introduction to the Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

Give 2 homeostatic roles of the kidney.

A

Excretion of metabolic waste and toxins in urine

Reabsorption of essential nutrients and ions

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2
Q

Give 3 endocrine compounds secreted by the kidney as part of its endocrine function.

A

Erythropoietin

Active form of vitamin D

Renin

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3
Q

What are the 3 key processes of the kidney that allow it to contribute to homeostasis?

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

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4
Q

Give 2 things that the kidneys regulate in terms of body fluid.

A

Body fluid volume + body fluid composition

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5
Q

What are the components of the uriniferous tubule?

A

Nephron + collecting duct

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6
Q

What is the function of the nephron?

A

Filters the blood and controls the reabsorption and secretion of substances from the plasma filtrate

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7
Q

What is the function of the collecting duct?

A

Conveys the final filtrate to be excreted to the bladder via the ureters to form the final urine

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8
Q

What is the nephron?

A

The functional unit of the kidney

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9
Q

List the 5 components of the nephron.

A

Renal corpuscle
PCT
Loop of Henle
DCT
Collecting duct

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10
Q

What comprises the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule

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11
Q

What are the two types of nephron?

A

Superficial cortical + juxtamedullary

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12
Q

The two different types of nephron are distinguished by what?

A

The location of their glomeruli

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13
Q

What is the location of the glomeruli of superficial cortical nephrons?

A

Outer cortex

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14
Q

What is the location of the glomeruli on juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Near the corticomedullary border

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15
Q

Describe the length of the loop of Henle in superficial cortical nephrons and where they descend to.

A

Short loops of Henle which descend only into the outer medulla

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16
Q

Describe the length of the loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons and where they descend to.

A

Long loops of Henle which descend deep into the inner medulla

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17
Q

How many arterioles does each nephron have?

A

2 - afferent and efferent arteriole

18
Q

How many capillary networks do the nephrons have?

A

2 - glomerular capillaries and peritubular capillaries

19
Q

Describe the pressure of the glomerular capillaries and what they allow the kidneys to carry out.

A

High pressure glomerular capillaries allow the kidneys to carry out filtration

20
Q

Describe the pressure of the peritubular capillaries and what they allow the kidneys to carry out.

A

Low pressure peritubular capillaries allow the kidneys to carry out reabsorption and secretion

21
Q

Describe the outer layer of Bowman’s capsule in terms of its name, function, and epithelium.

A

Parietal layer with a structural function and is made up of simple squamous epithelial cells

22
Q

Describe the inner layer of Bowman’s capsule in terms of its name, function, and epithelium.

A

Visceral layer with a filtration function and is made up of modified simple squamous cells called podocytes

23
Q

Which cells provide support between the glomerular capillary loops?

A

Mesangial cells

24
Q

Give the 3 layers of the filtration barrier and a special feature they each have that aids their function.

A

Glomerular capillary endothelium (fenestrated)

Basement membrane (negatively charged)

Epithelial cells (podocytes) with interdigitating foot processes & filtration slits

25
Q

The filtration barrier limits the passage of substances from the blood based on what 3 things?

A

Size, charge, and shape

26
Q

Describe the epithelium of the PCT and a special feature it has to aid its function.

A

Simple cuboidal cells with an extensive development of microvilli, forming a ‘brush border’, which provides a large surface area for the major reabsorptive function of the PCT

27
Q

The cells of the PCT contain high amounts of which organelle and why?

A

Mitochondria - to provide ATP to power Na+K+ATPase on the basolateral membrane

28
Q

The early part of the DCT passes back to where to form what?

A

Passes back to the vascular pole of its own renal corpuscle to form part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

29
Q

Give the 3 main cell types found in the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

A

Macula densa

Granular or juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent arteriole

Mesangial (Lacis) cells

30
Q

What do the granular / juxtaglomerular cells secrete?

A

Renin

31
Q

What mechanism allows the juxtaglomerular apparatus to regulate GFR?

A

Tubuloglomerular feedback

32
Q

Describe the water permeability of the collecting duct.

A

Under hormonal control by anti-diuretic hormone

33
Q

What percentage of body weight is water?

A

60%

34
Q

How many litres is intracellular fluid?

A

28 litres

35
Q

How many litres is extracellular fluid?

A

14 litres

36
Q

What compartments can extracellular fluid be divided into and how many litres in each?

A

Interstitial fluid - 11 litres

Plasma - 3 litres

37
Q

Describe why the composition of ICF and ECF varies.

A

Because cell membranes are permeable to water but not to most electrolytes

38
Q

How does the composition of plasma compare to the composition of interstitial fluid and why?

A

The composition of plasma and interstitial fluid is similar due to equilibrium across the capillary membrane - it is highly permeable to water and electrolytes but not to most plasma proteins

39
Q

What is the main ECF cation?

A

Sodium

40
Q

What is the main ECF anion?

A

Chloride

41
Q

What is the main ICF cation?

A

Potassium

42
Q

What is the main ICF anion?

A

Phosphate

Block 1 CTB (13 decks)

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