Carbohydrates and lipids

Question 1

Macromolecules are organic - what does this mean?

Answer 1

They contain carbon

Question 2

What are the 4 main macromolecules?

Answer 2

Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids

Question 3

What is the general molecular formula of carbohydrates?

Answer 3

C(H2O)n

Question 4

How many monomeric units in an oligosaccharide?

Answer 4

3-10 monomeric units

Question 5

How many monomeric units in a polysaccharide?

Answer 5

More than 10 monomeric units

Question 6

Monosaccharides can be classified according to which 2 things?

Answer 6

Number of carbon atoms they contain

Type of carbonyl functional group

Question 7

How many carbon atoms do glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone contain?

Answer 7

3

Question 8

How many carbon atoms do ribose and deoxyribose contain?

Answer 8

5

Question 9

How many carbon atoms does glucose, fructose, and galactose contain?

Answer 9

6

Question 10

What are isomers?

Answer 10

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different 3D structures

Question 11

What are the 2 types of carbonyl groups a monosaccharide can have?

Answer 11

Aldose / aldehyde group
Ketose / ketone group

Question 12

What kind of carbonyl group do glucose + galactose contain?

Answer 12

Aldose / aldehyde

Question 13

What kind of carbonyl group does fructose contain?

Answer 13

Ketose / ketone

Question 14

What is the location of aldose carbonyl groups in the carbon chain?

Answer 14

At the end of the carbon chain

Question 15

What is the location of ketose carbonyl groups in the carbon chain?

Answer 15

In the middle of the carbon chain

Question 16

Structural differences in monosaccharide isomers arise from the position of what?

Answer 16

Hydroxyl (-OH) group

Question 17

Monosaccharide cyclization happens due to a reaction between what?

Answer 17

Carbonyl group (C=O) and hydroxyl group (-OH)

Question 18

With the formation of disaccharides:
- what kind of reaction occurs?
- what is removed?
- what kind of bond is formed?

Answer 18

Condensation reaction

Water is removed

Glycosidic bond

Question 19

Which monosaccharides join to form sucrose?

Answer 19

Glucose + fructose

Question 20

Which monosaccharides join to form lactose?

Answer 20

Glucose + galactose

Question 21

Which monosaccharides join to form maltose?

Answer 21

Glucose + glucose

Question 22

What are the components of starch, with percentages?

Answer 22

Amylopectin - 75%

Amylose - 25%

Question 23

Which component of starch is a branched polymer of glucose?

Answer 23

Amylopectin

Question 24

Which component of starch is a linear polymer of glucose?

Answer 24

Amylose

Question 25

Describe the type of bonds which form amylopectin.

Answer 25

a-1,4 glycosidic bonds a-1,6 glycosidic bonds

Question 26

Describe the type of bonds which form amylose.

Answer 26

a-1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 27

Is cellulose a branched or linear polymer of glucose?

Answer 27

Linear

Question 28

Is glycogen a branched or linear polymer of glucose?

Answer 28

Highly branched

Question 29

Describe the structure of fatty acids.

Answer 29

Linear hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end

Question 30

Triglycerides are composed of what?

Answer 30

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Question 31

Is cholesterol hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Answer 31

Hydrophobic

Question 32

How are cholesterol esters formed?

Answer 32

By binding a fatty acid to the OH group of cholesterol

Question 33

What are the 4 main types of lipids?

Answer 33

Fatty acids Triglycerides Cholesterol Cholesterol esters

Question 34

Which kind of bond creates triglycerides?

Answer 34

Ester bond

Question 35

What are the 2 naming systems for fatty acids?

Answer 35

Systematic / descriptive nomenclature Omega nomenclature

Question 36

Describe what is meant by C#1, #2, and triangle in brackets in the nomenclature C#1, #2 (triangle#,#)

Answer 36

C#1 = Total carbons #2 = Number of double bonds Triangle = Double bond position, counted from the acidic end (end with carboxyl group)

Question 37

In the Omega nomenclature system, what does the number describe? For example, what is meant by Omega-6?

Answer 37

The position of the final double bond Omega-6 = the final double bond is 6 carbons away from the hydrocarbon end

Question 38

What kind of nomenclature describes the isomerism that occurs at the double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 38

Cis-trans nomenclature / isomerism

Question 39

Describe the effect of cis configuration of fatty acids on membranes.

Answer 39

Cis isomers have kinks, which prevent close packing, making membranes more fluid

Question 40

Describe the effect of trans configuration of fatty acids on membranes.

Answer 40

Trans isomers pack tightly together, making membranes more rigid

Question 41

What do phospholipids consist of?

Answer 41

A phosphate group attached to one or more fatty acid chains via glycerol or sphingosine

Question 42

What is the main breakdown product of ketones?

Answer 42

Acetone

Question 43

What are the 2 main ketone bodies?

Answer 43

Acetoacetic acid Beta-hydroxybutyric acid

Question 44

Energy is released from organic molecules via which kind of reaction? What does this involve?

Answer 44

Oxidation reactions Loss of electrons

Question 45

Why do lipids release more energy than carbohydrates?

Answer 45

Because they contain more carbon and hydrogen and less oxygen, allowing for more oxidation

Question 46

The core of lipoproteins contains which 2 things?

Answer 46

Triglycerides Cholesterol esters

Question 47

The surface of lipoproteins contains which 3 things?

Answer 47

Phospholipids Free cholesterol Apolipoproteins

Question 48

What are the 4 main types of lipoprotein, from largest to smallest?

Answer 48

Chylomicrons VLDLs LDLs HDLs

Question 49

What is the function of chylomicrons?

Answer 49

Deliver exogenous (dietary) TAG to peripheral tissues

Question 50

What is the function of VLDLs?

Answer 50

Deliver endogenous TAG to peripheral tissues

Question 51

What is the function of LDLs?

Answer 51

Deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues and liver

Question 52

What is the function of HDLs?

Answer 52

Deliver cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver for elimination

Question 53

Which enzyme releases fatty acids from lipoproteins?

Answer 53

Lipoprotein lipase

Question 54

GLUT 1-5 facilitate the movement of glucose via which mechanism?

Answer 54

Facilitated diffusion

Question 55

SGLT transporters facilitate the movement of glucose via which mechanism?

Answer 55

Secondary active transport

Question 56

Which GLUT transporter is found on pancreatic beta cells?

Answer 56

GLUT 2

Question 57

Does GLUT-1 have a high or low affinity for glucose?

Answer 57

High affinity

Question 58

Does GLUT-2 have a high or low affinity for glucose?

Answer 58

Low affinity

Question 59

Which GLUT transporter is insulin sensitive?

Answer 59

GLUT 4