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Block 2 Exam 2 > Urinary Histology > Flashcards

Urinary Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney functions

A 
filtration
selective resorption and excretion
synthesis of renin
synthesis of erythropoietin
activates Vitamin D3
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2
Q

Three parts of the kidney cortex

A

glomeruli (renal corpuscles)
cortical labyrinth
medullary rays

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3
Q

How many renal lobes (pyramids) are in the medulla?

A

15-20

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4
Q

The bases of the medullary pyramids form the

A

corticomedullary border

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5
Q

What is the rounded end of each pyramid?

A

Renal papilla

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6
Q

Renal papilla drain up to ________ collecting ducts or ducts of Bellini

A

20

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7
Q

Medullary pyramid + overlying cortex

A

Kidney lobe

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8
Q

A group of nephrons that open into branches of the same main collecting duct. The space between two interlobular arteries with the medullary ray as its axis.

A

kidney lobule

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9
Q

Glomerulus + kidney tubules

A

Nephron

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10
Q

Nephron + collecting duct

A

Uriniferous tubule

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11
Q

Cortical nephrons have _______ Loops of Henle, while JM nephrons have ________ Loops of Henle.

A

short; long

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12
Q

Order of vasculature in the kidney

A
  1. interlobar artery
  2. arcuate artery
  3. interlobular artery
  4. interlobular vein
  5. arcuate vein
  6. interlobar vein
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13
Q

The glomerular filtrate is released into

A

the urinary (Bowman’s) space

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14
Q

Urinary pole is continuous with the

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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15
Q

The bulb-like expansion of the nephron is called _____________ and has a parietal layer of __________________.

A

Bowman’s capsule; simple squamous epithelium

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16
Q

Area of specialized cells within the distal convoluted tubule that is in contact with both the afferent and efferent arterioles

A

Macula densa

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17
Q

These cells are found between the afferent and efferent arterioles

A

extraglomerular mesangial cells

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18
Q

Modified smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of afferent and efferent arterioles

A

juxtaglomerular cells

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19
Q

Components of the JM apparatus

A
  1. macula densa
  2. extraglomerular mesangial cells
  3. juxtaglomerular cells
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20
Q

Distinct epithelial region found at the thick ascending limb-distal convoluted tubule junction.

A

Macula densa

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21
Q

Two things that fuse to form the basal lamina of glomerulus

A

Podocytes and capillary basal lamina

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22
Q

Three layers of the fused basement membrane

A
  1. lamina rara interna (capillary side)
  2. lamina densa
  3. lamina rara externa (visceral side)
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23
Q

Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule contains

A

Podocytes (which contain primary and secondary processes)

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24
Q

These lie on the lamina rara externa and interdigitate to form up filtration slits

A

Pedicels (secondary processes)

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25
Q

Connective tissue component of glomerulus

A

Mesangial cells

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26
Q

Mesangial cells are derived from

A

mesoderm

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27
Q

Fluid leaving the glomerular capillaries through the fenestrae is filtered by

A

the basal lamina

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28
Q

____________ traps larger molecules, while the __________ impedes the passage of negatively charged molecules.

A

lamina densa; lamina rara

29
Q

The fluid that penetrates the lamina densa and enters Bowman’s space

A

glomerular ultrafiltrate

30
Q

These cells keep the basal lamina from becoming clogged by macromolecules by phagocytosing them

A

intraglomerular mesangial cells

31
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule is made up of

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

32
Q

The descending loop of the Loop of Henle is __________ to H20, while the ascending loop is ____________ to H20.

A

permeable; slightly permeable

33
Q

Located in the distal convoluted tubule, and monitors filtrate for Na and Cl as part of the JGA apparatus

A

Macula densa

34
Q

________ contain cells with abundant lysosomes.

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

35
Q

The apical domain of PCTs has prominent __________ and __________. In contrast, the apical domain of DCTs has sparse _______________ and _______________.

A

microvilli; vesicles

36
Q

JGA has three components.

A
  1. Macula densa of the DCT
  2. JG cells of afferent arteriole
  3. Extraglomerular mesangial cells
37
Q

JM cells secrete this

A

Renin

38
Q

These cells communicate

A

Cells of the macula densa and JG cells

39
Q

2 types of cuboidal epithelium lining the collecting duct

A
  1. principal cells

2. intercalated cells

40
Q

Minor calyxes mark the beginning of this type of epithelium

A

transitional

41
Q

Layers of ureter

A
  1. mucosa
  2. muscularis externa
  3. adventitia
42
Q

There are two layers of muscularis externa in the upper 2/3 of the ureter. The are….

There are three layers in lower 1/3 of ureter…

A

inner longitudinal, outer circular

inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal

43
Q

Bladder layers

A
  1. mucosa
  2. muscularis (inner long, middle circular, outer long)
  3. adventitia
44
Q

Both male and female urethra have these

A

urethral glands

45
Q

CT component of the glomerulus derived from mesoderm

A

Mesangial cells

46
Q

These cells are phagocytic, contractile, and capable of proliferation

A

Mesangial cells

47
Q

Mesangial cells secrete these two things

A

Matrix and collagen

48
Q

Three important functions of mesangial cells

A
  1. provide physical support
  2. control turnover of basal lamina by phagocytic activity
  3. regulate blood flow by contractile activity
49
Q

Because the basal lamina traps larger macromolecules, it would become clogged were it not continuously phagocytosed by _____________ and replenished by both the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule (podocytes) and glomerular endothelial cells.

A

intraglomerular mesangial cells

50
Q

How to identify a proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  1. adjacent to renal corpuscle (both PCTs and DCTs)
  2. cells have abundant lysosomes
  3. apical domain has a prominent brush border and vesicles (sparse in DCTs)
  4. cells lining both PCTs and DCTs have abundant mitochondria
51
Q

Principal cells:
In the absence of ADH, urine flow is…
In the presence of ADH, urine flow is…

A

copious and hypotonic.

concentrated and low volume.

52
Q

Intercalated cells secrete what and resorb what?

Where are they located?

A

H+; K+

Located in medulla and medullary rays

53
Q

Papillary collecting tubules are lined with what kind of cells?

A

Tall columnar principal cells

54
Q

In the bladder, fibroelastic adventitia is covered superiorly by peritoneum, forming a ________.

A

serosa

55
Q

Epithelium of the bladder can be referred to as

A

urothelium

56
Q

The columnar-like urothelium can stretch to resemble stratified squamous epithelium when urine is present in the urinary bladder. _________ generate a thickened domain able to adjust to large changes in surface area.

A

apical plaques

57
Q

Two things common to male and female URETHRA

A
  • vascular fibroelastic lamina propria

- urethral glands (glands of Littre in male)

58
Q

Is the internal sphincter of the muscularis voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary!

59
Q

Does the mucosa of the URETER have mucosal or submucosal glands?
Does the mucosa have a muscularis mucosae?

A

No!!!

60
Q

One contributing factor to the high rate of urinary tract infections in females

A

Short distance between the urethral opening and the anus

61
Q

Female and male urethra ultimately become this kind of epithelium

A

stratified squamous, non-keratinized

62
Q

PCT is made up of what kind of epithelium?

A

Simple cuboidal

63
Q

The thin loops of Henle are made up of what kind of epithelium?

A

Simple squamous

64
Q

What kind of cells are found in the collecting tubules?

A

Tall columnar principal cells

65
Q

Where is the beginning of the transitional epithelium?

A

Minor calyces!

66
Q

What is the prostatic urethra lined with?

A

Transitional epithelium

67
Q

What is the membranous urethra lined with?

A

pseudostratified and stratified columnar

68
Q

What is the penile urethra lined with?

A

pseudostratified and stratified columnar transitions to stratified squamous non-keratinized

Block 2 Exam 2 (16 decks)

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