KEEF REVIEW

Question 1

Four things that shift K+ INTO cells.

Answer 1

1. Insulin
2. B-agonists
3. Aldosterone
4. Alkalosis

Question 2

Three things that shift K+ OUT of cells.

Answer 2

1. Hyperosmolarity
2. Exercise
3. Cell lysis

Question 3

What is the typical relationship of K+ and H+ ?

Answer 3

Reciprocal relationship

Question 4

Four things that increase K+ secretion.

Answer 4

1. Aldosterone
2. Hyperkalemia
3. Furosemide
4. Thiazide diuretics

Question 5

Where is glucose reabsorbed?

Answer 5

In the proximal tubule

Question 6

Where is inulin concentration the greatest?

Answer 6

In the collecting duct

Question 7

Where is PAH secreted?

Answer 7

In the proximal tubule

Question 8

Where is creatinine secreted?

Answer 8

In the proximal tubule

Question 9

Approximately what percentage of urea is excreted?

Answer 9

40%

Question 10

What TWO things is excretion of urea dependent on?

Answer 10

1. presence of ADH

2. flow (greater flow = greater clearance)

Question 11

Approximately what percentage of glucose is excreted?

Answer 11

0%

Question 12

Approximately what percentage of inulin is excreted?

Answer 12

100%

Question 13

Approximately what percentage of PAH is excreted?

Answer 13

500%

Question 14

Approximately what percentage of creatinine is excreted?

Answer 14

120%

Question 15

Where is the primary site of ANP action?

Answer 15

Proximal tubule and collecting duct!

Question 16

Why does plasma oncotic pressure go up along the glomerular capillary?

Answer 16

Water reabsorption!

Question 17

Why is glomerular hydrostatic pressure so high?

Answer 17

The efferent arteriole creates resistance

Question 18

What conc. of PAH would you need to use to get an accurate estimate of RPF?

Answer 18

A concentration lower than Tm!

Question 19

Equation for reabsorption rate

Answer 19

RR = filtered load - excretion rate

Question 20

Equation for secretion rate

Answer 20

ER = excretion rate - filtered load

Question 21

Equation for free water clearance

Answer 21

V = Cosm + CH20

Question 22

What creates the interstitial gradient in the nephron?

Answer 22

The Loop of Henle

Question 23

What percentage of water is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

Answer 23

67%

Question 24

How does flow out of the vasa recta compare to flow in?

Answer 24

Twice as much, because salt is reabsorbed, which leads to water flowing in

Question 25

How does flow into glomerular capillary compare to flow exiting?

Answer 25

20% less

Question 26

What arteriole does AngII primarily regulate?

Answer 26

Efferent!! By doing so, it allows for an increased GFR

Question 27

How does ADH increase water absorption?

Answer 27

It activates a Gs receptor, which increases CAMP concentration, and draws aquaporins to the apical membrane.

Question 28

During diuresis, at what point along the nephron is the urine osmolarity the lowest?

Answer 28

At the collecting duct

Question 29

With hemorrhage, would ADH increase or decrease?

Answer 29

Increase!