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Biology 12 > Urinary/Excretory System > Flashcards

Urinary/Excretory System Flashcards

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1
Q

metabolism

A

reactions in a cell

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2
Q

secretion vs. excretion

A

secretion: releasing substance by exocytosis
excretion: eliminating metabolic wastes

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3
Q

Excretory organs maintain homeostasis by…

A
  • regulating body fluids
  • removing metabolic wastes from blood
  • controlling rate of RBC formation
  • regulating blood pressure
  • regulating absorption of calcium
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4
Q

water is a by-product of…

A

dehydration synthesis & respiration

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5
Q

CO2 is a by-product of…

A

cellular respiration

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6
Q

salts are a by-product of…

A

neutralization

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7
Q

urea is a by-product of…

A

amino acid metabolism

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8
Q

deamination

A

removing amino group from amino acid & converting it into ammonia

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9
Q

3 ways the liver helps with homeostasis

A
  • removes bilirubin
  • produces urea
  • detoxifies blood
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10
Q

How do drugs/alcohol affect the liver?

A

They kill liver cells, so the liver struggles to detoxify substances

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11
Q

the body system our skin belongs to

A

integumentary system

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12
Q

urine has the same components as what?

A

sweat (made of water, salts, and urea… aka metabolic wastes)

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13
Q

4 main structures of urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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14
Q

urinary system

A

organs that produce, store, & rid the body of urine

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15
Q

functions of urinary system

A

excretion, maintenance of water-salt balance, maintenance of acid-base/pH balance, secretion of hormones & enzymes

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16
Q

excretion

A
  • removal of metabolic wastes (NOT defection!)

- ex. ammonia, urea, uric acid

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17
Q

ammonia

A

formed from breakdown of amino groups in a.a.’s… very toxic

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18
Q

urea

A

liver converts ammonia into less toxic urea

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19
Q

uric acid

A
  • formed from breakdown of nucleotides

- too much uric acid causes gout

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20
Q

gout

A
  • formed by excess of uric acid

- painful arthritis-like condition that affects joints, esp. big toe

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21
Q

maintenance of water-salt balance

A
  • kidneys regulate NA+, K+, HCO3, and Ca2

- balance of ions affects osmotic concentration of blood

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22
Q

maintenance of acid-base (pH) balance

A

keeps blood pH at 7.4 by excreting H+ and reabsorbing HCO3

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23
Q

renin

A

affects release of aldosterone -> regulates blood pressure

24
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

tells bone marrow to produce RBC

25
Q

calcitrol

A

helps intestine absorb calcium from food

26
Q

kidneys

A
  • primary organs of urine production

- on either side of spine below diaphragm & anterior to deep back muscle

27
Q

hilium

A
  • part of the kidney

- renal artery enters & renal vein leaves

28
Q

ureters

A
  • small muscular tubes that transport urine from kidney to bladder
  • peristalsis moves urine
29
Q

urinary bladder

A
  • muscular organ that expands as urine enters

- holds up to 600ml of urine

30
Q

urethra

A
  • extends from bladder to external opening
  • 4cm in females, 20cm in males
  • shorter length in females makes them more prone to UTI
  • in males, urethra is surrounded by prostate gland & also carries sperm
31
Q

What problem can arise with the prostate gland?

A

As males age, the prostate gland can enlarge and restrict urine flow

32
Q

3 major regions of kidney

A
  • renal cortex: outer layer
  • renal medulla: inner layer, consists of cone-shaped renal pyramids
  • renal pelvis: central cavity leading to ureter
33
Q

nephron

A

microscopic units of kidneys that produce urine… one million per kidney

34
Q

Blood supply pathway

A

renal artery -> kidneys -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillary -> venule -> renal vein

35
Q

glomerulus

A

capillary knot inside nephron

36
Q

path of filtrate

A

nephron -> collecting ducts -> renal pelvis -> ureter

37
Q

characteristics of urine

A
  • 95% water

- 5% solutes

38
Q

solutes include

A
  • ions: H, K, Na, Ca, Cl, Mg
  • ammonia, sulphates, phosphates
  • urea
  • creantinine
  • uric acid (organic compound from purine breakdown)
  • others: carbs, enzymes, fatty acids, hormones, pigments & mucins
39
Q

colour of urine

A
  • old decomposed RBC -> bilirubin -> urobilin = yellow
  • urinate less = less yellow (diluted urobilin)
  • if urine stored for a while (ie. overnight) = darker yellow
40
Q

changes to smell

A
  • diabetics have a sugary smell to their urine

- asparagus can also cause a strong odor

41
Q

Process of urine formation

A
  • waste-filled blood enters kidneys
  • glomular or pressure filtration occurs
  • tubular or selective reabsorption
  • loop of henl
  • tubular secretion
42
Q

Waste-filled blood enters kidneys

A
  • afferent arterioles enter Bowman’s capsule & form a ball of capillaries called glomerulus
  • efferent arteriole is smaller diameter than the arteriole so blood pressure builds up in glomerulus
  • blood pressure forces substances from blood into Bowman’s capsule
43
Q

Glomular or pressure filtration

A
  • material forced out of blood = filtrate
  • has h2o, a.a.’s, glucose, salts, & urea
  • larger particles (blood cells, proteins, & fats) can’t leave capillaries, so they stay in blood & leave via efferent arteriole
  • efferent arteriole branches into peritubular capillaries which form a mesh around nephron
  • filtrate moves into proximal convoluted tubule
44
Q

Tubular or selective reabsorption

A
  • in proximal convoluted tubule where some filtrate returns to bloodstream
  • lined with villi to enhance absorption
  • active transport moves glucose, a.a’s, and Na back into blood
  • Cl follows passively because it’s attracted to Na
  • with salt leaving (NaCl), h2o follows by osmosis
  • if amount of substance exceeds number of carrier proteins, not all can be reabsorbed so it ends up in urine
45
Q

Loop of Henle

A

its main job is to regulate water concentration

46
Q

Tubular secretion (excretion)

A
  • 2nd place where substances leave blood & enter nephron
  • distal convoluted tubule not permeable to H20, so H20 enters capillaries, not nephron
  • excess H & K ions, drugs, uric acid, products from the breakdown of hemoglobin, histamines, etc. move by active transport from blood to nephron
  • distal tubules drain into collective duct where more H20 diffuses back into surrounding tissue makes urine more concentrated than blood
  • fine-tuning of H20 concentration occurs in distal convoluted tubule & collecting tubule
47
Q

osmolarity

A
  • number of particles per volume of fluid

- maintaining osmolarity in tissues involves h20 regulation

48
Q

H20 regulation occurs through…

A
  • direct control using ADH

- indirectly through aldosterone

49
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

A
  • control of h20 excreted relies on ADH (aka vasopressin)
  • diuresis means “water-loss”, so ADH mean “anti-water-loss hormone”
  • ADH is made in hypothalamus & stored in posterior pituitary gland
  • makes you thirsty -> you’ll drink more
50
Q

Steps of ADH secretion

A

h20 level drops -> osmolarity increases -> osmoreceptors in hypothalamus direct ADH to be released from pituitary -> ADH binds to receptors of cell on collecting tubule in nephron -> triggers chain of events that lead to insertion of aquaporin channels in collecting duct & distal tubule -> membrane becomes more permeable to water -> water flows out of tube into capillaries to be reclaimed by body -> H20 builds up in body -> osmoregularity back to normal -> shuts down hypothalamus… until the cycle begins again

51
Q

If blood is too dilute (ie. after large intake of H20)…

A
  • ADH secretion is inhibited
  • aquaporin channels removed by endocytosis
  • h20 can’t leave nephron -> large volume of urine
52
Q

How to alcohol & caffeine affect urination?

A
  • inhibit ADH

- urine volume remains large & dehydration can result

53
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • low Na concentration in blood sensed by kidney
  • through chain of complex chemical signals, kidney sends message to adrenal cortex which releases aldosterone
  • aldosterone causes nephrons to reabsorb more Na and water back into blood and to excrete more K in urine
  • when blood Na concentration returns to normal, aldosterone release is stopped
54
Q

acid-base balance

A
  • pH maintained by controlling H levels
  • only urinary system can eliminate excess H
    a) HCO3 from nephron moves to capillaries -> resupplies the blood with buffers
    b) H removed from blood & excreted
55
Q

loop of henle - water control

A
  • descending limb permeable to H20, so it diffuses into surrounding fluids
  • filtrate becomes more concentrated as it moves down DL
  • ascending limb impermeable to H20, but pumps out Na and Cl by active transport
  • due to that ^, as filtrate moves along AL, it comes less concentrated
  • at top of AL, there’s less filtrate, but it’s almost as concentrated as it was at the start of DL
  • in tissue surrounding loop of Henle, salt gradient is established, increasing concentration from top to bottom of loop & establishing countercurrent multiplying effect
  • fluid at top of collecting duct has salt concentration about equal to beginning of the loop of Henle
  • as fluid descends collecting duct, it’s exposed to the surrounding salt gradient established by loop of Henle
  • without ADH, collecting duct is impermeable to H20. 2 outcomes are possible:
    a) if H20 is needed, ADH simulates opening of aquaporins, allowing H20 to move out of duct and into surrounding tissues
    b) if h20 not needed by body, no ADH & duct allows h20 to drain out of body

Biology 12 (14 decks)

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