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Biology 12 > Replication, Transcription, Translation > Flashcards

Replication, Transcription, Translation Flashcards

0
Q

DNA

A
  • A polymer (macromolecule) build from series of joined nucleotides
  • 2 backbone strands run parallel
  • one stand goes 3-5, other goes 5-3
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1
Q

3 functions of DNA

A
  • store info to build protein, control cell development & metabolic reactions
  • replicate prior to cell division
  • undergo mutations (rare, but give variability in a species)
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2
Q

Nucleotide parts

A
  • deoxyribose sugar
  • phosphate
  • base (a, t, c, g) which attaches to the sugar
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3
Q

Replication

A

Making a copy of DNA before cell divides so copies of DNA can go to the new cells

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4
Q

Replication steps

A
  1. DNA unwinds & flattens out, then unzips down the middle (due to enzyme helicase). H-bonds btwn bases break.
  2. Free-floating nucleotides move into place through complementary base paring (due to DNA polymerase)
  3. Phosphate & sugars join together so the new DNA molecule is double stranded (due to DNA ligase)
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5
Q

Leading strand

A

The side of DNA strand that replicates continuously

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6
Q

Primer

A

Attaches to the exposed parts to give the new nucleotides a point to attach to

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7
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Small pieces of DNA that join together on the lagging strand during replication

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8
Q

Semi conservative replication

A
  • Each new strand of DNA is half-old and half new
  • semi: half
  • conservative: one of the parental stands is present in each new double helix
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9
Q

Gene

A

Unit of heredity that

  • directs development & behaviour of organism
  • directs protein manufacturing
  • contains introns (don’t make proteins)
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10
Q

Prompter

A

Shows where to start reading directions for protein/exons

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11
Q

Subprocesses of protein synthesis

A
  • transcription

- translation

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12
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A
  • copies instructions (transcription) for building protein from DNA
  • carries blueprint to cytoplasm
  • reads message & translates code into protein
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13
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A
  • subunits made in nucleus

- subunit of RNA & proteins from ribosomes

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14
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A
  • delivers correct amino acid to mRNA and pairs it up w/blueprint
  • 20 different tRNA’s (one for each amino acid)
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15
Q

Transcription (RNA copies dna)

A
  1. Section of RNA unzips & becomes template to build mRNA (polymerase helps). When done, the mRNA breaks into codons
  2. mRNA leaves nucleus & moves to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
16
Q

Triplet code

A

Set of 3 bases on DNA (called codons when mRNA is involved)

17
Q

Translation (RNA makes protein)

A
  1. MRNA attaches to rRNA in cytoplasm
  2. Aug codon signals start/initiation
  3. tRNA anti codons attach to the matching codon on the mRNA
  4. Other end of tRNA has amino acid attached, which bond with mRNA peptide bonds
  5. Now-empty tRNA leaves & picks up new amino acid (can be reused)
  6. Process continues until the stop codon is reached (termination)
18
Q

Elongation

A

Growth of polypeptide chain

19
Q

Mutation

A
  • permanent genetic change
  • 2 types:
    • gene mutation
    • chromosome mutation
20
Q

Gene mutations

A
  • inheritable changes in DNA bases
  • errors usually corrected (proofread)
  • change DNA triplet code -> changes mRNA, amino acid, and shape & function of protein
21
Q

Substitution (gene)

A
  • point mutation
  • one base changed for another
    A) silent mutation - no affect on aa
    B) nonsense mutation - very serious, like creating stop codon
    C) missense mutation - affects shape of protein, creates sickle cell anemia
22
Q

Addition (gene)

A
  • One extra nucleotide is added

- frameshift

23
Q

Deletion (gene)

A
  • one nucleotide is deleted

- frameshift

24
Q

Chromosomal mutations

A
  • change location or # of genes on chromosomes

- affect phenotype/appearance of individuals

25
Q

Deletion (chromosome)

A

Lose all/part of a chromosome

26
Q

Duplication (chromosome)

A

Segment of chromosome repeated

27
Q

Inversion (chromosome)

A

Piece of chromosome flipped upside down

28
Q

Translocation (chromosome)

A

Part of chromosome breaks off & switches segments by attaching to different chromosome

29
Q

Environmental mutagen

A

An environmental influence that causes mutations (ex. X-Ray, uv rays, pesticides)

30
Q

Germ mutation

A

Gamete (egg/sperm) affected -> offspring affected

31
Q

Somatic mutations

A

Body cells damaged -> can cause cancer

Biology 12 (14 decks)

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