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Macromolecules Flashcards

0
Q

Proteins are made up of

A

Amino acids

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1
Q

What are the 3 parts in an amino acid?

A

Amino group, r group, carboxyl group

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2
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20

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3
Q

Name for amino acids out bodies can produce

A

Non-essential

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4
Q

Name for amino acids our bodies can’t produce

A

Essential

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5
Q

Peptide bond

A

Joins amino acids together

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6
Q

Polypeptide chain

A

A single chain of amino acids

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7
Q

Dipeptide

A

2 amino acids joined together by a peptide bond

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8
Q

2 major functions of proteins

A
  • build & maintain body tissue & muscles

- aid our immune system

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9
Q

Secondary

A

Hydrogen bonds between amino acids cause the polypeptide to form a helix or pleated sheet

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10
Q

Primary structure

A

Sequence of amino acids that join to form a polypeptide

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11
Q

Tertiary

A

Covalent/ionic/h bonds between r-groups cause the helix to fold into a globular shape

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12
Q

Quaternary

A

Covalent/ionic/h-bonds cause two or more polypeptides to join together and form a single protein

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13
Q

Denaturation

A

When the appearance of something changes when proteins are exposed to extremes in heat and pH

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14
Q

Backbone of amino acids

A

N-C-C

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15
Q

Defining features of amino acids

A
  • amine group: NH3 or NH2
  • carboxyl group: COOH or COO
  • backbone: N-C-C
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16
Q

Why carbon atoms are unique

A

It can form up to 4 bonds and can bond endlessly with itself

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17
Q

Why are carbohydrates called carbohydrates?

A

Hydrate - H2O

Carb - Carbon

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18
Q

Pentose

A

Monosaccharide with 5 carbons

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19
Q

Hexose

A

Monosaccharide with 6 carbons

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20
Q

Isomer

A

Molecule with the same molecular formula but different chemical structure

Ex. Glucose & fructose

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21
Q

Base unit of polysaccharides

A

Glucose

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23
Q

Structure of…

  • starch
  • glycogen
  • cellulose
A
  • all long polymer chains
  • starch: straight chains of glucose molecules with some branching
  • glycogen: highly branched
  • cellulose: chains of glucose with slightly different linkage
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23
Q

Glucose + glucose =

A

Maltose (water is given off)

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24
Function of... - starch - glycogen - cellulose
- starch: storage form of glucose in plants - glycogen: storage form of glucose in animal muscles and liver - cellulose: provides structure for plants & helps them stand upright, passes through our digestive tract as fibre
25
Glucose + fructose =
Sucrose (water is given off)
26
Structure & function of monosaccharides (glucose)
- ring structure | - gives our bodies a source of immediate energy
27
Structure & function of disaccharides (sucrose)
- two ring structures joined together | - sweetens food
28
Polymerization
Monomer molecules forming polymer chains
29
Polymer
Macromolecule consisting of covalently bonded monomers
30
Monomer
Subunit of a polymer
31
Macromolecule
Molecule containing a large number of atoms
32
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
Sugars
33
What do all sugars have attached to every carbon?
An oxygen
34
What about cellulose makes it indigestible to humans?
It's different type of linkage
35
Organic molecules contain
C & H
36
Dehydration synthesis
Reaction joining molecules by removal of water
37
Triglyceride
Formed when glycerol joins to 3 fatty acids
38
Emulsifier
Has polar and non-polar ends that allow oil to disperse in water
39
Unsaturated fat
Fat with double carbon bonds | Ex. Oil
40
Hydrolysis
Reaction where molecules are broken apart by the addition of water
41
A complete hydrolysis of a plant cell wall would produce
Glucose
42
Why can't humans digest cellulose?
Because it has a different type of linkage and humans lack the proper enzymes
43
Methyl group
CH3
44
Phospholipid
Phospholipids have a polar phosphate group, so they're both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
45
Glycosidic bond
Formed between 2 monosaccharides
46
Functions of lipids
- storing energy | - acting as structural components of cell membranes
47
Neutral fats
Made up of glycerol and fatty acids Ex. Triglyceride
48
Ester bond
Joins glycerol and fatty acids
49
Triglyceride functions
Long term energy storage
50
Steroids
Maintains correct fluidity of membranes
51
Phospholipids
- cell membrane | - contain polar and non polar ends
52
Saturated fat
Has no double covalent bonds
53
How does an emulsifier work
Non polar ends project inward and polar ends project outward
54
Atherosclerosis
Disease where plaque builds up inside your arteries
55
Amphipathic
A molecule that contains both polar and nonpolar portions | Ex. Phospholipids
56
Fats vs oils
- fats are animal based | - oils are plant based
57
When do we use emulsifiers?
- detergents | - bile emulsifiers our fats
58
DNA - bases - strand - sugar - function
- adenine guanine thymine cytosine - double helix - deoxyribose - codes for orders of amino acids
59
RNA - bases - strands - sugars - functions
- adenine guanine uracil cytosine - single helix - ribose - conveys dna's instructions
60
Pyrimidines
- one ring | - thymine & cytosine & (uracil)
61
Purines
- two rings | - adenine and guanine
62
ATP
- Modified nucleotide used as energy for cells - 3 phosphate groups - phosphate bonds are unstable, and energy is released when ATP breaks downp
63
Nucleotides contain what?
- phosphate - pentode sugar - nitrogen base

Biology 12 (14 decks)

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