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Biology 12 > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

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0
Q

Proteins are made up of

A

Amino acids

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1
Q

What are the 3 parts in an amino acid?

A

Amino group, r group, carboxyl group

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2
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20

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3
Q

Name for amino acids out bodies can produce

A

Non-essential

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4
Q

Name for amino acids our bodies can’t produce

A

Essential

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5
Q

Peptide bond

A

Joins amino acids together

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6
Q

Polypeptide chain

A

A single chain of amino acids

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7
Q

Dipeptide

A

2 amino acids joined together by a peptide bond

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8
Q

2 major functions of proteins

A
  • build & maintain body tissue & muscles

- aid our immune system

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9
Q

Secondary

A

Hydrogen bonds between amino acids cause the polypeptide to form a helix or pleated sheet

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10
Q

Primary structure

A

Sequence of amino acids that join to form a polypeptide

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11
Q

Tertiary

A

Covalent/ionic/h bonds between r-groups cause the helix to fold into a globular shape

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12
Q

Quaternary

A

Covalent/ionic/h-bonds cause two or more polypeptides to join together and form a single protein

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13
Q

Denaturation

A

When the appearance of something changes when proteins are exposed to extremes in heat and pH

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14
Q

Backbone of amino acids

A

N-C-C

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15
Q

Defining features of amino acids

A
  • amine group: NH3 or NH2
  • carboxyl group: COOH or COO
  • backbone: N-C-C
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16
Q

Why carbon atoms are unique

A

It can form up to 4 bonds and can bond endlessly with itself

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17
Q

Why are carbohydrates called carbohydrates?

A

Hydrate - H2O

Carb - Carbon

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18
Q

Pentose

A

Monosaccharide with 5 carbons

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19
Q

Hexose

A

Monosaccharide with 6 carbons

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20
Q

Isomer

A

Molecule with the same molecular formula but different chemical structure

Ex. Glucose & fructose

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21
Q

Base unit of polysaccharides

A

Glucose

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23
Q

Structure of…

  • starch
  • glycogen
  • cellulose
A
  • all long polymer chains
  • starch: straight chains of glucose molecules with some branching
  • glycogen: highly branched
  • cellulose: chains of glucose with slightly different linkage
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23
Q

Glucose + glucose =

A

Maltose (water is given off)

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24
Q

Function of…

  • starch
  • glycogen
  • cellulose
A
  • starch: storage form of glucose in plants
  • glycogen: storage form of glucose in animal muscles and liver
  • cellulose: provides structure for plants & helps them stand upright, passes through our digestive tract as fibre
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25
Q

Glucose + fructose =

A

Sucrose (water is given off)

26
Q

Structure & function of monosaccharides (glucose)

A
  • ring structure

- gives our bodies a source of immediate energy

27
Q

Structure & function of disaccharides (sucrose)

A
  • two ring structures joined together

- sweetens food

28
Q

Polymerization

A

Monomer molecules forming polymer chains

29
Q

Polymer

A

Macromolecule consisting of covalently bonded monomers

30
Q

Monomer

A

Subunit of a polymer

31
Q

Macromolecule

A

Molecule containing a large number of atoms

32
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

A

Sugars

33
Q

What do all sugars have attached to every carbon?

A

An oxygen

34
Q

What about cellulose makes it indigestible to humans?

A

It’s different type of linkage

35
Q

Organic molecules contain

A

C & H

36
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Reaction joining molecules by removal of water

37
Q

Triglyceride

A

Formed when glycerol joins to 3 fatty acids

38
Q

Emulsifier

A

Has polar and non-polar ends that allow oil to disperse in water

39
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

Fat with double carbon bonds

Ex. Oil

40
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Reaction where molecules are broken apart by the addition of water

41
Q

A complete hydrolysis of a plant cell wall would produce

A

Glucose

42
Q

Why can’t humans digest cellulose?

A

Because it has a different type of linkage and humans lack the proper enzymes

43
Q

Methyl group

A

CH3

44
Q

Phospholipid

A

Phospholipids have a polar phosphate group, so they’re both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

45
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Formed between 2 monosaccharides

46
Q

Functions of lipids

A
  • storing energy

- acting as structural components of cell membranes

47
Q

Neutral fats

A

Made up of glycerol and fatty acids

Ex. Triglyceride

48
Q

Ester bond

A

Joins glycerol and fatty acids

49
Q

Triglyceride functions

A

Long term energy storage

50
Q

Steroids

A

Maintains correct fluidity of membranes

51
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • cell membrane

- contain polar and non polar ends

52
Q

Saturated fat

A

Has no double covalent bonds

53
Q

How does an emulsifier work

A

Non polar ends project inward and polar ends project outward

54
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Disease where plaque builds up inside your arteries

55
Q

Amphipathic

A

A molecule that contains both polar and nonpolar portions

Ex. Phospholipids

56
Q

Fats vs oils

A
  • fats are animal based

- oils are plant based

57
Q

When do we use emulsifiers?

A
  • detergents

- bile emulsifiers our fats

58
Q

DNA

  • bases
  • strand
  • sugar
  • function
A
  • adenine guanine thymine cytosine
  • double helix
  • deoxyribose
  • codes for orders of amino acids
59
Q

RNA

  • bases
  • strands
  • sugars
  • functions
A
  • adenine guanine uracil cytosine
  • single helix
  • ribose
  • conveys dna’s instructions
60
Q

Pyrimidines

A
  • one ring

- thymine & cytosine & (uracil)

61
Q

Purines

A
  • two rings

- adenine and guanine

62
Q

ATP

A
  • Modified nucleotide used as energy for cells
  • 3 phosphate groups
  • phosphate bonds are unstable, and energy is released when ATP breaks downp
63
Q

Nucleotides contain what?

A
  • phosphate
  • pentode sugar
  • nitrogen base

Biology 12 (14 decks)

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