Macromolecules Flashcards
Proteins are made up of
Amino acids
What are the 3 parts in an amino acid?
Amino group, r group, carboxyl group
How many different amino acids are there?
20
Name for amino acids out bodies can produce
Non-essential
Name for amino acids our bodies can’t produce
Essential
Peptide bond
Joins amino acids together
Polypeptide chain
A single chain of amino acids
Dipeptide
2 amino acids joined together by a peptide bond
2 major functions of proteins
- build & maintain body tissue & muscles
- aid our immune system
Secondary
Hydrogen bonds between amino acids cause the polypeptide to form a helix or pleated sheet
Primary structure
Sequence of amino acids that join to form a polypeptide
Tertiary
Covalent/ionic/h bonds between r-groups cause the helix to fold into a globular shape
Quaternary
Covalent/ionic/h-bonds cause two or more polypeptides to join together and form a single protein
Denaturation
When the appearance of something changes when proteins are exposed to extremes in heat and pH
Backbone of amino acids
N-C-C
Defining features of amino acids
- amine group: NH3 or NH2
- carboxyl group: COOH or COO
- backbone: N-C-C
Why carbon atoms are unique
It can form up to 4 bonds and can bond endlessly with itself
Why are carbohydrates called carbohydrates?
Hydrate - H2O
Carb - Carbon
Pentose
Monosaccharide with 5 carbons
Hexose
Monosaccharide with 6 carbons
Isomer
Molecule with the same molecular formula but different chemical structure
Ex. Glucose & fructose
Base unit of polysaccharides
Glucose
Structure of…
- starch
- glycogen
- cellulose
- all long polymer chains
- starch: straight chains of glucose molecules with some branching
- glycogen: highly branched
- cellulose: chains of glucose with slightly different linkage
Glucose + glucose =
Maltose (water is given off)
Function of…
- starch
- glycogen
- cellulose
- starch: storage form of glucose in plants
- glycogen: storage form of glucose in animal muscles and liver
- cellulose: provides structure for plants & helps them stand upright, passes through our digestive tract as fibre
Glucose + fructose =
Sucrose (water is given off)
Structure & function of monosaccharides (glucose)
- ring structure
- gives our bodies a source of immediate energy
Structure & function of disaccharides (sucrose)
- two ring structures joined together
- sweetens food
Polymerization
Monomer molecules forming polymer chains
Polymer
Macromolecule consisting of covalently bonded monomers
Monomer
Subunit of a polymer
Macromolecule
Molecule containing a large number of atoms
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
Sugars
What do all sugars have attached to every carbon?
An oxygen
What about cellulose makes it indigestible to humans?
It’s different type of linkage
Organic molecules contain
C & H
Dehydration synthesis
Reaction joining molecules by removal of water
Triglyceride
Formed when glycerol joins to 3 fatty acids
Emulsifier
Has polar and non-polar ends that allow oil to disperse in water
Unsaturated fat
Fat with double carbon bonds
Ex. Oil
Hydrolysis
Reaction where molecules are broken apart by the addition of water
A complete hydrolysis of a plant cell wall would produce
Glucose
Why can’t humans digest cellulose?
Because it has a different type of linkage and humans lack the proper enzymes
Methyl group
CH3
Phospholipid
Phospholipids have a polar phosphate group, so they’re both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Glycosidic bond
Formed between 2 monosaccharides
Functions of lipids
- storing energy
- acting as structural components of cell membranes
Neutral fats
Made up of glycerol and fatty acids
Ex. Triglyceride
Ester bond
Joins glycerol and fatty acids
Triglyceride functions
Long term energy storage
Steroids
Maintains correct fluidity of membranes
Phospholipids
- cell membrane
- contain polar and non polar ends
Saturated fat
Has no double covalent bonds
How does an emulsifier work
Non polar ends project inward and polar ends project outward
Atherosclerosis
Disease where plaque builds up inside your arteries
Amphipathic
A molecule that contains both polar and nonpolar portions
Ex. Phospholipids
Fats vs oils
- fats are animal based
- oils are plant based
When do we use emulsifiers?
- detergents
- bile emulsifiers our fats
DNA
- bases
- strand
- sugar
- function
- adenine guanine thymine cytosine
- double helix
- deoxyribose
- codes for orders of amino acids
RNA
- bases
- strands
- sugars
- functions
- adenine guanine uracil cytosine
- single helix
- ribose
- conveys dna’s instructions
Pyrimidines
- one ring
- thymine & cytosine & (uracil)
Purines
- two rings
- adenine and guanine
ATP
- Modified nucleotide used as energy for cells
- 3 phosphate groups
- phosphate bonds are unstable, and energy is released when ATP breaks downp
Nucleotides contain what?
- phosphate
- pentode sugar
- nitrogen base
