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Biology 12 > Nervous System, Brain, Endocrine System > Flashcards

Nervous System, Brain, Endocrine System Flashcards

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0
Q

Axon terminal

A
  • End of axon
  • converts electrochemical signals into message & sends it to next neuron
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1
Q

Axon

A

Transmits electrochemical signals to neurons

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2
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive messages from neurons & send them to cell body

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3
Q

Cell body

A

Main portion of cell, contains nucleus and organelles

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material, control center

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5
Q

Schwann’s cells

A

Fatty cells composed of myelin sheath

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6
Q

Myelin

A
  • Fatty layer around axons
  • insulates electrical impulses -> increases rate of transmission
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7
Q

Node of ranvier

A

Gaps in myelin which allow for quicker transmission of impulse bc it can leap from node to node

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8
Q

Sensory/afferent neuron

A
  • takes signal from sense organ (eyes, skin, etc) to cns - long dendrites, short axons
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9
Q

Motor/efferent neuron

A
  • carry message from cns to effector organ (muscle, organ, or gland) - short dendrites and long axon
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10
Q

Interneuron/association neuron

A
  • only found within cns - conducts impulses btwn parts of cns - short dendrites and short axons
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11
Q

Sensory input includes

A
  • vision - sound - smell - pain - temperature - pressure
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12
Q

Sympathetic

A

-“fight or flight” - dilates pupil - inhibits salivary flow, gastric & pancreatic secretion, & bladder contraction - accelerates heart - dilates bronchi - stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose - uses norepinephrine - ganglia near cord - spinal nerves

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13
Q

Parasympathetic

A

-“rest and digest” - constricts pupils - stimulates salivary flow, gastric secretion, pancreatic secretion, & release of bile - inhibits heart - constricts bronchi - contracts bladder - uses acetylcholine - ganglia near organ - spinal & vagus nerves

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14
Q

Resting potential

A
  • neuron isn’t conducting an impulse - voltage: -65mV
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15
Q

Difference in charge between inside and outside of neuron

A
  • caused by difference in number of ions between outside & inside - sodium-potassium pump maintains this difference by transporting Na out of axon and K into axon
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16
Q

Depolarization

A
  • sodium gates open - Na flows down concentration gradient, drawn to the negative charge inside axon - voltage changes to 40mV
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17
Q

Repolarization

A
  • potassium gates open - K ions flow out of the axon along concentration gradient, repelled by the positive charge inside - voltage changes back to -65mV
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18
Q

Refractory/Recovery period

A
  • no conduction of action potential is happening - sodium-potassium pump prevents impulse from travelling backwards by pumping Na to outside and K to inside
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19
Q

All or none response

A
  • action potential cannot happen a little bit - either stimulus is strong enough to overcome threshold and send an impulse, or it’s too weak to overcome threshold and the message is stopped
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20
Q

Speed of transmission: myelinated vs unmyelinated

A
  • unmyelinated impulse: 0.5m/s - myelinated impulse: 200m/s
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21
Q

Reflex arc

A
  • nerve pathway involved in a reflex action - contains sensory nerve and motor nerve with a synapse in between
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22
Q

Integration

A
  • triggering of neuron depends on input of attached neurons -> each neuron has different influence depending on strength of connection
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23
Q

Summation

A
  • both excitatory and inhibitory synapses act on one dendrite - whichever impulse is stronger wins - impulse is either cancelled or carried on
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24
Q

Effects of drugs on nervous system

A
  • enhance release of nt’s (ex. caffeine)
  • block release of nt’s
  • mimic actions of nt’s (ex. morphine mimics endorphins)
  • blocks nt receptors (ex. alcohol)
  • interferes with breakdown of nt’s
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25
Q

Central Nervous System Contains

A

Brain & spinal cord

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26
Q

Peripheral Nervous System Contains

A
  • somatic system & autonomic system
  • sensory neurons & motor neurons
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27
Q

Somatic controls

A
  • Voluntary muscles/skeletal muscles
  • skin
  • tendons
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28
Q

Autonomic controls

A
  • Involuntary muscles/cardiac & smooth muscles
  • glands
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29
Q

2 Parts of the autonomic system

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
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30
Q

Transmission of an impulse through a reflex arc

A
  1. receptor generates impulse
  2. sensory neuron carries impulse
  3. interneurons relay impulse to motor neurons
  4. muscle contracts
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31
Q

How does the brain become aware of an autonomic reflex action?

A
  • because of reflex arc
  • it sends message through interneurons, which provide connection to the brain
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32
Q

Why do nerves have a white appearance?

A

Because they’re myelinated

33
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • sulci (shallow grooves) divides hemispheres into lobes
  • receives sensory info
  • higher thought processes (learning, memory, language, speech) which make it more developed in humans than any other vertebrae
34
Q

Thalamus

A
  • part of diancephalon
  • relay station for sensory neurons carrying info to cerebrum
35
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • part of diancephalon
  • “master gland”…controls homeostasis & other glands
  • center for hunger, thirst, body temp, etc.
  • has neurosecretory cells
  • responds to changes by initiating nerve impulses or controlling pituitary gland
36
Q

cerebellum

A
  • muscle coordination
  • posture & balance
37
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • part of brainstem
  • controls heart rate, respiration, blood pressure
  • controls reflex center (sneezes, cough, swallow, etc.)
38
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer part of cerebrum

39
Q

Gray matter

A
  • unmyelinated
  • CENTER of spine, SURFACE of cerebrum
40
Q

White Matter

A
  • myelinated
  • CENTER of brain, SURFACE of spine
41
Q

Meninges

A

protective membranes that cover brain & spinal cord

42
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

cushions and protects CNS

43
Q

Midbrain

A

provides link btwn forebrain, branstem, & spinal cord

44
Q

diancephalon

A

control center for thirst, anger, fatigue

45
Q

Brainstem

A

controls reflexes

46
Q

How are sympathetic & parasympathetic similar?

A
  1. control involuntary responses
  2. have effectors
  3. use 2 neurons for each signal
47
Q

Steps in transamission of an impulse across a synapse

A
  1. impulse comes to synaptic bulb
  2. contractile porteins shorten & draw vesicle towards pre-synaptic membrane
  3. vesicles merge w/pre-synaptic membrane
  4. vesicle releases neurotransmitters
  5. nt’s diffuse across synaptic gap
  6. nt’s enter lock & key receptor sites in post-synaptic membrane
  7. integration & summation occurs
  8. impulse moves down dendrite of new neuron
48
Q

Central endocrine glands & their location

A
  • only located in CNS
  • pineal gland
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
49
Q

peripheral endocrine glands & their location

A
  • located throughout body (NOT in CNS)
  • thyroid
  • adrenal glands
  • parathyroid
  • pancreas
  • thymus
  • gonads
50
Q

6 functions of endocrine system

A
  • maintains homeostasis
  • deals w/stress
  • growth & development
  • controls reproduction
  • regulates RBC production
  • controls circulation, digestion & absorption
51
Q

Tropic hormones

A

control other endocrine glands and cause them to secrete hormones

52
Q

adrenal glands

A
  • on top of kidneys
  • secretes steroid hormones (epinephrine & norepinephrine)
  • work during stressful situations to create fight or flight responses (stimulated by hypothalamus)
53
Q

thyroid

A
  • in lower neck
  • produces thyrosine & thyroxine
  • uses iodine to make hormones (not enough iodine = goiters)
54
Q

posterior pituitary

A
  • stores vasopression & oxytocin
55
Q

anterior pituitary

A
  • causes giantism or dwarfism if not working
  • produces tropic hormones (ex. vasopressin) to control kidneys
56
Q

pancreas

A
  • secretes insulin & glucagon to control blood glucose levels (not working = diabetes)
  • secretes hormones & digestive juices, so is part of endocrine system & digestive system
57
Q

excitatory nt’s

A
  • make post-synaptic membrane more permeable to sodium ions
  • results in depolarization
  • ex. norepinephrine, acetylcholine
58
Q

inhibitory nt’s

A
  • make post-synaptic membrane less permeable to sodium
  • results in hyperpolarization (no action potential)
  • ex. GABA, dopamine, seratonin
59
Q

endocrine glands produce ______ which travel to _______

A

hormones (one gland can produce multiple hormones); target cells (one hormone can have many different target cells, and one target cell can be influenced by multiple hormones)

60
Q

How do hormones control target cells?

A

through positive/negative feedback loops, which draw things back to optimal level

61
Q

chemical types of hormones

A
  1. peptide/protein (insulin)
  2. steroid (estradiol)
  3. Amine (melatonin)
  4. Eicosanoid (prostoglandine)
62
Q

what happens to hormones after they’re used?

A
  • most deactivated by enzymes
  • some excreted in urine
  • others re-absorbed by original gland
63
Q

pineal gland

A
  • pea-sized
  • secretes melatonin
  • keeps body in synch w/ light/dark cycles (circadian rhythms)
  • inhibits hormones that stimulate reproductive activity
64
Q

3 effects of hormones on the body

A
  • influence metabolism of cells
  • growth & development of body parts
  • homeostasis
65
Q

exocrine glands

A
  • have ducts
  • ex. salivary glands
66
Q

endocrine glands

A
  • no ducts
  • ex. pineal gland
67
Q

nervous system vs. endocrine system

A
  • nervous system: has brain, spinal cord, & nerves that transmit sensory input and motor commands
  • endocrine system: has glands & tissues that secrete hormones
  • both: involved in homeostasis
68
Q

antagonistic hormone

A
  • controls the effect of another hormone by off-setting it
  • ex. insulin is offset by glucagon
69
Q

What 2 categories are hormones generally seperated into, and what’s the difference between how they can be received?

A
  • peptides: received by cell membrane
  • steroids: can enter cell
70
Q

spinal cord

A
  • communication btwn brain & PNS
  • protected by CSF & meninges
71
Q

pons

A
  • part of brainstem
  • bundles of axons bridging cerebellum to CNS
  • works w/medulla oblongata to control breathing rate & reflex centers
72
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • in cerebrum
  • movement of voluntary skeletal muscles
  • higher mental processes (concentration, problem-solving, etc.)
73
Q

parietal lobe

A
  • in cerebrum
  • receive info from skin receptors
  • speech & use of words for expression
74
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • in cerebrum
  • hearing & smelling
  • interprets sensory experiences, visual memory of music, sensory patterns
75
Q

occipital

A
  • vision & combining vision with other sensory experiences
76
Q

limbic system

A
  • stimulates different lobes to lead to expression of emotions
  • also involved in memory
77
Q

Getting info from short term/working memory to long term memory depends on

A
  • reinforcement
  • neurotransmitters in limbic system
  • hippocampus
  • protein
78
Q

Broca’s area

A

matriculate speech

79
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

understanding of written & spoken word

80
Q

semantic memory

A

remembering words, numbers, etc.

81
Q

episodic memory

A

remembering people, events, etc.

Biology 12 (14 decks)

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