Urinary Elimination Flashcards
Glomerular filtration rate
When does GFR stop working in relationship to BP?
The amount of filtrate formed by the kidneys per minute; it stops filtering blood if the SBP drops below 70.
Specific gravity
Indicator of urine concentration.
Nephrotoxic
Damaging to the kidneys.
Cystitis
When bacteria travels up the urethra to the bladder, causing infection.
Functional continence
Untimely loss of urine when no urinary or neurological cause is involved; occurs because of physical disability, immobility, pain, external obstacles, etc.
Transient Incontinence
Short term incontinence that is expected to resolve spontaneously. Ex: UTI, medications.
Overflow Incontinence
Loss of urine in combination with a distended bladder.
Mixed Incontinence
Combination of urge and stress incontinence.
Urge Incontinence
Involuntary loss of larger amounts of urine accompanied by a strong urge to void.
Stress Incontinence
Involuntary loss of small amounts of urine with increased intra-abdominal pressure.
Enuresis
Involuntary urination after about 5-6 years of age, which control is usually established.
Dysuria
Painful of difficult urination.
Pyuria
Pus in the urine.
Urinary Stasis
A cessation of urinary flow.
Renal Calculi
Kidney stones.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Enlarged prostate gland.
Stent
A metal or plastic tube inserted into the lumen of an anatomic vessel or duct to keep the passageway open .
Lithotripsy
Procedure that uses shock waves to break up stone in the kidney, bladder, or ureter. After the procedure, the pieces of the stone are passed in your urine.
Renal Colic
Acute, paroxysmal abdominal pain.
Urolithiasis
The process of forming stones in the kidney, bladder, and/or urethra.
Kegal Exercises
Simple clench and release exercises that you can do to make the muscles of the pelvic floor stronger.
Straight Urinary Catheter
A tube placed in the body to drain and collect urine from the bladder.
Post Residual Urine
Urine remaining in the bladder after urination.
Urinalysis
Lab test to aid in diagnosing renal, hepatic, and other diseases.
Proteinuria
Presence of excess proteins in the urine.
Polyuria
Excessive urination; may be caused by excessive hydration, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, or kidney disease.
Oliguria
Urine output of less than 400 mL in 24 hours.
Nocturia
Frequent urination after going to bed.
Micturition
To start the stream or urine; to urinate; release urine from the bladder.
Hematuria
Blood in the urine.
Anuria
The absence of urine.
Acute Renal Failure
An acute rise in the serum creatinine level of 25% or more.
Clean Catch Specimen
A urine specimen that is as free of bacterial contamination as possible without without the use of a catheter.
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation/infection of the kidney tissue, calyces, and renal pelvis.
Reflex Incontinence
Occurs when the bladder muscles contracts and urine leaks without any warning or urge.
Organs of the urinary system…
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Sterile Specimen Catch
Sterile urine specimen aids in determining the present of a UTI; obtained from a catheter with a sterile needleless access device.
Main function of the kidneys…
Maintain fluid volume and filter the blood.
Removes waste products from bloodstream; regulates H2O, blood volume, BP, electrolytes, acid/base balance; protein erythropoietin, secret renin, activate Vitamin D.
Most important functional defect caused by aging regarding the kidneys…
Decrease in glomerular filtration rate (rate at which blood is filtered through the kidneys).
What could be the cause(s) of pre-renal failure?
Shock/Interruption of blood flow to the kidneys from severe injury or illness.
What would be causes of intrarenal failure?
Direct damage to kidneys by inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection, or reduced blood supply.
What would be causes of postrenal failure?
Obstruction of urine flow due to enlarged prostate, kidney stones, bladder, tumor, or injury.
With impaired renal function (inadequate blood flow), what happens to the cardiovascular system in response?
Decreased circulating volume
Decreased pump effectiveness
Decreased urine output
Increased creatinine and BUN in the blood.
Since the kidneys control BP, what do they do to attempt to help the cardiovascular system and increase BP if it gets too low?
Retain water and sodium (decreasing excretion), Excretion of renin, helping form angiotensin II, causing vasoconstriction.
Increases the production of erythropoietin to increase blood O2.
Neurogenic bladder
Loss of bladder control due to a brain, spinal cord, or nerve condition.
What does a creatinine clearance test show us?
How well creatinine is removed by the kidneys; done on blood and urine over 24 hours to compare the consistency of the kidney function.
Where is creatinine synthesized?
Where is BUN synthesized?
LIVER.
Why is any kind of elevation of creatinine levels in the blood significant?
Because 50% of renal function is already lost before serum levels of creatinine increase.
What is “watchful waiting?”
It refers to patients with BPH. Before effects get out of control, it is common for doctors to watch these patients on a consistent basis to reevaluate whether they need further care concerning BPH.
