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Fund Final > F&E Chart Broken Down > Flashcards

F&E Chart Broken Down Flashcards

1
Q

What are normal Sodium (Na) levels?

A

135-145 mEq/L

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2
Q

What is the function of Sodium (Na)?

A

Regulates fluid volume
Helps maintain blood volume
Interacts with calcium to maintain muscle contraction
Stimulates conduction of nerve impluses

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3
Q

What is Sodiums (Na) regulation?

A

Moves by active transport across the cell membranes
Regulated by aldosterone and ADH levels
Reabsorbed and excreted through the kidneys
Minimal loss through perspiration and feces
Low sodium may be caused by excess water intake

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4
Q

What are sources of Sodium (Na)?

A 
Table Salt
Soy sauce
Cured Pork
Cheese 
Milk
Processed Food
Canned Food Products 
Food preserved with salt
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5
Q

What are Potassium (K) normal levels?

A

3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L

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6
Q

What is the function of Potassium (K)?

A

Maintains ICF osmolality
Regulates conduction of cardiac rhythm
Transmits electrical impulses in multiple body systems
Assists with acid - base balance

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7
Q

What regulates Potassium (K)?

A

Regulated by aldosterone
Excreted and conserved through the kidneys
Lost through vomiting and diarrhea
Loss triggered by many diuretics

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8
Q

What are sources for Potassium (K)?

A 
Common food sources are:
Bananas 
Oranges
Apricots 
Figs
Dates
Carrots
Potatoes 
Tomatoes
Spinach 
Dairy Products
Meats
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9
Q

What are normal Calcium (Ca) levels?

A

8.5 - 10.5 mg/dL

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10
Q

What is the function of Calcium (Ca)?

A 
Promotes transmission of nerve impulses
Major component of bone and teeth 
Regulates muscle contraction
Maintains cardiac automaticity 
Essential factor in the formation of blood clots
Catalyst for many cellular activites
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11
Q

What regulates Calcium (Ca)?

A

Combines with phosphorus to form the mineral salts of the teeth and bones
Calcium and phosphorus levels are inversely proportional
Parathyroid hormone stimulates release of calcium from bones and reabsorption from kidneys and intestines
Calcitonin (from the thyroid) blocks bone breakdown and lowers calcium levels
Absorption stimulated by vitamin D

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12
Q

What are normal Magnesium (Mg) levels?

A

1.6 - 2.6 mEq/L

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13
Q

What are sources of Calcium (Ca)?

A 
Common food sources are:
Milk
Milk Products 
Dark green, leafy vegetables 
Salmon 
as well as calcium - fortified foods such as breads and cereals
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14
Q

What are the functions of Magnesium (Mg)?

A

Involved in protein and carbohydrate metabolism
Necessary for protein and DNA synthesis within the cell
Maintains normal intracellular levels of potassium
Involved in electrical activity in nerve and muscle membranes, including the heart
May have a role in regulating blood pressure and may influence the release and activity of insulin

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15
Q

What regulates Magnesium (Mg)?

A

Ingested in the diet and absorbed through the small intestine
Excreted by kidneys
Loss may be triggered by diuretics , poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, and excess alcohol intake

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16
Q

What are sources of Magnesium (Mg)?

A

Found in most foods but high levels are present in green vegetables, cereal grains and nuts
Average daily intake is 18-30 mEq

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17
Q

What are normal Chloride (CI) levels?

A

95-105 mEq/L

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18
Q

What is the function of Chloride (CI)?

A

Works with Na to maintain osmotic pressure between fluid compartments
Essential for production of HCI for gastric secretions
Functions as buffer in oxygen - carbon dioxide exchange in RBCs
Assists with acid - base balance

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19
Q

What regulates Chloride (CI)?

A

Reabsorbed and excreted through the kidneys along with sodium
Regulated by aldosterone and ADH levels
Deficits lead to potassium deficits; potassium deficits lead to chloride deficits

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20
Q

What are source for Chloride (CI)?

A

Found in high sodium foods

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21
Q

What are normal Phosphate (PO) levels?

A

1.7 -2.6 mEq/L

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22
Q

What is the function of Phosphate (PO)?

A

Serves as a catalyst for many intracellular activities
Promotes muscle and nerve action
Assists with acid-base balance
Important for cel division and transmission of hereditary traits

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23
Q

What regulates Phosphate (PO)?

A

Combines with calcium to form the mineral salts of the teeth and bone
Calcium and phosphorus levels are inversely proportional
Regulated by PTH; has inverse response to calcium
Excreted and absorbed by the kidneys

24
Q

What are sources for Phosphate (PO)?

A 
Foods high in phosphate are:
Meat
Fish 
Poultry
milk products 
carbonated beverages 
legumes
Readily available in the body as a result of metabolism
25
Q

What are normal Bicarbonate (HCO) levels?

A

22 - 26 mEq/L

26
Q

What is Bicarbonate’s (HCO) function?

A

Maintain acid - base balance by functioning as a BUFFER in the body

27
Q

Bicarbonate is regulated by?

A

Excreted and reabsorbed by the kidneys
Lost through diarrhea, diuretics, renal insufficiency
Excess possible if person ingest quantities of acid neutralizers

28
Q

What are sources of Bicarbonate (HCO)

A

Present in acid neutralizers (e.g. sodium bicarbonate

29
Q

What is Hyponatremia?

A

Sodium level Na < 135 mEq/L

30
Q

What are common causes of Hyponatremia?

A

Diuretics
GI fluid loss
Excessive intake of hypotonic solutions, such as water or IV fluids
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH

31
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of Hyponatremia?

A 
Anorexia, nausea and vomiting
Weakness
Lethargy 
Confusion
Muscle cramps or twitching 
Seizures
32
Q

What treatment can be done for Hyponatremia?

A

Monitor I&O
Monitor sodium levels
Increase oral sodium intake
Administer IV saline infusion and take seizure precautions, if severe.

33
Q

What is Hypernatremia?

A

Sodium (Na) level > 145 mEq/L

34
Q

What are common causes of Hypernatremia?

A

Excessive sodium intake
Water deprivation
Increased water loss through profuse, sweating, heat stroke, or diabetes insipidus
Administration of hypertonic tube feeding

35
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of Hypernatremia?

A 
Thirst 
Elevated temperature
Dry mouth and sticky mucous membranes
If severe:
Hallucinations
Irritability 
Lethargy 
Seizures
36
Q

What treatment plans can be done for Hypernatremia?

A

Monitor I&O
Monitor sodium levels
Monitor vital signs and level of consciousness
Restrict sodium in the diet
Beware of hidden sodium in foods and medication
Increase water intake
Administer IV solutions that do not contain sodium

37
Q

What is Hypokalemia?

A

Potassium (K) level <3.5 mEq/L

38
Q

What are common causes for Hypokalemia?

A 
Diuretics 
GI fluid loss through vomiting, gastric suction, or diarrhea
Steroid administration
Hypoeraldosteronism
Anorexia or bulimia
39
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Hypokalemia?

A 
Fatigue 
Anorexia, Nausea, Vomiting 
Muscle Weakness 
Decreased GI motility 
Dysrhythmias 
Paresthesia 
Flat T wave on ECG
Increased sensitivity to digitalis
40
Q

What treatment plans can be done for Hypokalemia?

A

Monitor I&O
Monitor potassium level
If the client is taking digoxin. monitor pulse and observe for toxicity
Encourage intake of foods rich in potassium
Administer potassium supplements

41
Q

What is Hyperkalemia?

A

Potassium (K) level > 5.0 mEq/L

42
Q

What are common signs of Hyperkalemia?

A

Renal failure
Potassium - sparing diuretics
Hypoaldosteronism
High potassium intake coupled with renal insufficiency
Acidosis
Major Trauma
Hemolyzed serum sample produces pseudohperkalemia

43
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Hyperkalemia?

A 
Musle weakness 
Dysrhythmias 
Flaccid paralysis 
Intestinal Colic 
Tall T waves on ECG
44
Q

What treatments can be done for Hyperkalemia?

A

Monitor I&O
Monitor potassium level
Caution about potassium-rich food intake in patient with elevated creatinine levels

45
Q

What is Hypocalcemia?

A

Ca level <8.5 mq/dL

46
Q

What are common causes of Hypocalcemia?

A 
Hypoparathyroidism 
Malabsorption
Pancreatitis
Alkalosis 
Vitamin D deficiency
47
Q

What are sign and symptoms of Hypocalcemia?

A 
Diarrhea
Numbness and tingling of extremities 
Muscle Cramps 
Tetany 
Convulsions 
Laryngeal spams 
Cardiac Irritability
48
Q

What treatment can be done for Hypocalcemia?

A 
Monitor I&amp;O 
Monitor serum calcium
Encourage increased calcium intake 
Administer calcium supplements 
If severe, monitor patency of airway, institute seizure and safety precautions, and administer parenteral calcium
49
Q

What is Hypercalcemia?

A

Ca level >10.5 mq/dL

50
Q

What are common causes of Hypercalcemia?

A 
Hyperparathyroidism 
Malignant bone disease
Prolonged immobilization 
Excess calcium supplementation 
Thiazide diuretics
51
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Hypercalcemia?

A 
Muscle Weakness
Constipation
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting 
Polyuria and polydipsia
Kidney Stones 
Bizarre behavior 
Bradycardia
52
Q

What treatments can be done for Hypercalcemia?

A

Monitor I&O
Encourage fluid intake to prevent stone formation
Encourage fiber to prevent constipation
Eliminate calcium supplements and limit calcium rich foods
Avoid calcium-based antacids
Renal dialysis

53
Q

What is hypomagnesemia?

A

Mg level <1.3 mEq/L

54
Q

What are common causes for hypomagnesemia?

A

Chronic alcoholism
Malabsorption
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Prolonged gastric suction

55
Q

What are signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia?

A 
Neuromuscular irritability 
Disorientation
Mood Changes 
Dysrhythmias 
Increased sensitivity to digitalis
56
Q

What treatments can be done for hypomagnesemia?

A

Monitor I&O
Encourage foods high in magnesium
Avoid alcohol intake
If the patient is taking digoxin monitor pulse and observe for toxicity

57
Q

What is hypermagnesemia?

A

Mg level >2.1 mEq/L

Fund Final (24 decks)

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