F&E Chart Broken Down Flashcards by SHELBY JOHNSON

What are normal Sodium (Na) levels?

135-145 mEq/L

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What is the function of Sodium (Na)?

Regulates fluid volume
Helps maintain blood volume
Interacts with calcium to maintain muscle contraction
Stimulates conduction of nerve impluses

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What is Sodiums (Na) regulation?

Moves by active transport across the cell membranes
Regulated by aldosterone and ADH levels
Reabsorbed and excreted through the kidneys
Minimal loss through perspiration and feces
Low sodium may be caused by excess water intake

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What are sources of Sodium (Na)?

Table Salt
Soy sauce
Cured Pork
Cheese 
Milk
Processed Food
Canned Food Products 
Food preserved with salt

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What are Potassium (K) normal levels?

3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L

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What is the function of Potassium (K)?

Maintains ICF osmolality
Regulates conduction of cardiac rhythm
Transmits electrical impulses in multiple body systems
Assists with acid - base balance

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What regulates Potassium (K)?

Regulated by aldosterone
Excreted and conserved through the kidneys
Lost through vomiting and diarrhea
Loss triggered by many diuretics

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What are sources for Potassium (K)?

Common food sources are:
Bananas 
Oranges
Apricots 
Figs
Dates
Carrots
Potatoes 
Tomatoes
Spinach 
Dairy Products
Meats

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What are normal Calcium (Ca) levels?

8.5 - 10.5 mg/dL

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What is the function of Calcium (Ca)?

Promotes transmission of nerve impulses
Major component of bone and teeth 
Regulates muscle contraction
Maintains cardiac automaticity 
Essential factor in the formation of blood clots
Catalyst for many cellular activites

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What regulates Calcium (Ca)?

Combines with phosphorus to form the mineral salts of the teeth and bones
Calcium and phosphorus levels are inversely proportional
Parathyroid hormone stimulates release of calcium from bones and reabsorption from kidneys and intestines
Calcitonin (from the thyroid) blocks bone breakdown and lowers calcium levels
Absorption stimulated by vitamin D

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What are normal Magnesium (Mg) levels?

1.6 - 2.6 mEq/L

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What are sources of Calcium (Ca)?

Common food sources are:
Milk
Milk Products 
Dark green, leafy vegetables 
Salmon 
as well as calcium - fortified foods such as breads and cereals

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What are the functions of Magnesium (Mg)?

Involved in protein and carbohydrate metabolism
Necessary for protein and DNA synthesis within the cell
Maintains normal intracellular levels of potassium
Involved in electrical activity in nerve and muscle membranes, including the heart
May have a role in regulating blood pressure and may influence the release and activity of insulin

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What regulates Magnesium (Mg)?

Ingested in the diet and absorbed through the small intestine
Excreted by kidneys
Loss may be triggered by diuretics , poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, and excess alcohol intake

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What are sources of Magnesium (Mg)?

Found in most foods but high levels are present in green vegetables, cereal grains and nuts
Average daily intake is 18-30 mEq

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What are normal Chloride (CI) levels?

95-105 mEq/L

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What is the function of Chloride (CI)?

Works with Na to maintain osmotic pressure between fluid compartments
Essential for production of HCI for gastric secretions
Functions as buffer in oxygen - carbon dioxide exchange in RBCs
Assists with acid - base balance

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What regulates Chloride (CI)?

Reabsorbed and excreted through the kidneys along with sodium
Regulated by aldosterone and ADH levels
Deficits lead to potassium deficits; potassium deficits lead to chloride deficits

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What are source for Chloride (CI)?

Found in high sodium foods

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What are normal Phosphate (PO) levels?

1.7 -2.6 mEq/L

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What is the function of Phosphate (PO)?

Serves as a catalyst for many intracellular activities
Promotes muscle and nerve action
Assists with acid-base balance
Important for cel division and transmission of hereditary traits

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What regulates Phosphate (PO)?

Combines with calcium to form the mineral salts of the teeth and bone
Calcium and phosphorus levels are inversely proportional
Regulated by PTH; has inverse response to calcium
Excreted and absorbed by the kidneys

What are sources for Phosphate (PO)?

Foods high in phosphate are:
Meat
Fish 
Poultry
milk products 
carbonated beverages 
legumes
Readily available in the body as a result of metabolism

What are normal Bicarbonate (HCO) levels?

22 - 26 mEq/L

What is Bicarbonate's (HCO) function?

Maintain acid - base balance by functioning as a BUFFER in the body

Bicarbonate is regulated by?

Excreted and reabsorbed by the kidneys Lost through diarrhea, diuretics, renal insufficiency Excess possible if person ingest quantities of acid neutralizers

What are sources of Bicarbonate (HCO)

Present in acid neutralizers (e.g. sodium bicarbonate

What is Hyponatremia?

Sodium level Na < 135 mEq/L

What are common causes of Hyponatremia?

Diuretics GI fluid loss Excessive intake of hypotonic solutions, such as water or IV fluids Syndrome of inappropriate ADH

What are some signs and symptoms of Hyponatremia?

``` Anorexia, nausea and vomiting Weakness Lethargy Confusion Muscle cramps or twitching Seizures ```

What treatment can be done for Hyponatremia?

Monitor I&O Monitor sodium levels Increase oral sodium intake Administer IV saline infusion and take seizure precautions, if severe.

What is Hypernatremia?

Sodium (Na) level > 145 mEq/L

What are common causes of Hypernatremia?

Excessive sodium intake Water deprivation Increased water loss through profuse, sweating, heat stroke, or diabetes insipidus Administration of hypertonic tube feeding

What are some signs and symptoms of Hypernatremia?

``` Thirst Elevated temperature Dry mouth and sticky mucous membranes If severe: Hallucinations Irritability Lethargy Seizures ```

What treatment plans can be done for Hypernatremia?

Monitor I&O Monitor sodium levels Monitor vital signs and level of consciousness Restrict sodium in the diet Beware of hidden sodium in foods and medication Increase water intake Administer IV solutions that do not contain sodium

What is Hypokalemia?

Potassium (K) level <3.5 mEq/L

What are common causes for Hypokalemia?

``` Diuretics GI fluid loss through vomiting, gastric suction, or diarrhea Steroid administration Hypoeraldosteronism Anorexia or bulimia ```

What are signs and symptoms of Hypokalemia?

``` Fatigue Anorexia, Nausea, Vomiting Muscle Weakness Decreased GI motility Dysrhythmias Paresthesia Flat T wave on ECG Increased sensitivity to digitalis ```

What treatment plans can be done for Hypokalemia?

Monitor I&O Monitor potassium level If the client is taking digoxin. monitor pulse and observe for toxicity Encourage intake of foods rich in potassium Administer potassium supplements

What is Hyperkalemia?

Potassium (K) level > 5.0 mEq/L

What are common signs of Hyperkalemia?

Renal failure Potassium - sparing diuretics Hypoaldosteronism High potassium intake coupled with renal insufficiency Acidosis Major Trauma Hemolyzed serum sample produces pseudohperkalemia

What are signs and symptoms of Hyperkalemia?

``` Musle weakness Dysrhythmias Flaccid paralysis Intestinal Colic Tall T waves on ECG ```

What treatments can be done for Hyperkalemia?

Monitor I&O Monitor potassium level Caution about potassium-rich food intake in patient with elevated creatinine levels

What is Hypocalcemia?

Ca level <8.5 mq/dL

What are common causes of Hypocalcemia?

``` Hypoparathyroidism Malabsorption Pancreatitis Alkalosis Vitamin D deficiency ```

What are sign and symptoms of Hypocalcemia?

``` Diarrhea Numbness and tingling of extremities Muscle Cramps Tetany Convulsions Laryngeal spams Cardiac Irritability ```

What treatment can be done for Hypocalcemia?

``` Monitor I&O Monitor serum calcium Encourage increased calcium intake Administer calcium supplements If severe, monitor patency of airway, institute seizure and safety precautions, and administer parenteral calcium ```

What is Hypercalcemia?

Ca level >10.5 mq/dL

What are common causes of Hypercalcemia?

``` Hyperparathyroidism Malignant bone disease Prolonged immobilization Excess calcium supplementation Thiazide diuretics ```

What are signs and symptoms of Hypercalcemia?

``` Muscle Weakness Constipation Anorexia, nausea, vomiting Polyuria and polydipsia Kidney Stones Bizarre behavior Bradycardia ```

What treatments can be done for Hypercalcemia?

Monitor I&O Encourage fluid intake to prevent stone formation Encourage fiber to prevent constipation Eliminate calcium supplements and limit calcium rich foods Avoid calcium-based antacids Renal dialysis

What is hypomagnesemia?

Mg level <1.3 mEq/L

What are common causes for hypomagnesemia?

Chronic alcoholism Malabsorption Diabetic ketoacidosis Prolonged gastric suction

What are signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia?

``` Neuromuscular irritability Disorientation Mood Changes Dysrhythmias Increased sensitivity to digitalis ```

What treatments can be done for hypomagnesemia?

Monitor I&O Encourage foods high in magnesium Avoid alcohol intake If the patient is taking digoxin monitor pulse and observe for toxicity

What is hypermagnesemia?

Mg level >2.1 mEq/L