Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VETM 540 > Urinary Disorders > Flashcards

Urinary Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what kinds of things can you do on PE to investigate the urinary system?

A

rectal palp–>can feel it
ultrasound–>can see it

others: urine inspection and analysis, external examination of the urogenital system, vaginal exam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which kidney is slightly more caudal, and which kidney is pushed towards midline slightly?

A

the left is more caudal and also pushed a little towards midline because of the rumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T or F: you can palpate ureters normally on rectal

A

false!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what makes putting in a U cath hard in a cow

A

they have the suburethral diverticulum and it can fool you! you can put a finger in it to help you not put your catheter in there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how do you examine the right kidney??

A

it’s inaccessable on rectal so the only way to do it is transbadominally with a low frequency probe in the R paralumbar fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

list some ancillary testing you can use to help you diagnose urinary disorders of the bovine

A

reagent strips, urinalysis, CBC/chem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

_____ may give false positives for proteinuria when using a reagent strip

A

highly alkaline urine: can be from mixing with vaginal discharge, uterine discharge, or fecal material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

true or false: it is normal to have positive leukocytes on a urine reagent strip in cows

A

neither…it’s normal for cows that have given burth recently (uterine contamination, uterus is cleaning itself), but not normal for regular cows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

true or false: positive urinary bilirubin on a reagent strip is very common in cows

A

false, it is very rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe what a normal urinalysis looks like in regards to: color, tubidity, ph, specific gravity, protein, WBC, blood, hemoglobin, ketones

A

color: straw to amber
turbidity: clear
ph: 8
specific gravity 1.030-1.045 for cows, 1.006-1.0014 in lactating cows (from drinking more)
WBC <10
blood: 0
hemoglobin: 0
ketones: negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what causes cystitis in female cows?

A

usually secondary to bladder paralysis that allows for urine stasis–>this can happen due to sacral nerve injuries like from dystocia or riding

can also be from dystocia and contamination of the urethra

OR from chronic irritation from cystic calculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what usually causes cystitis in calves?

A

urachal or umbilical remnants acting as a nidus of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

clinical signs of cystitis in cows?

A

frequent attempts to urinate small volumes, stranguira, tail swishing. could see hematuira or pyuria

scalding of perineum from dribbling urine if theres sacral nerve damage

NO fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

you are seeing a cow named Snowflake and she has been been seen trying to urinate frequently but doesnt seem to be peeing out very much. She seems irritable. What sorts of testing are you wanting to do on her?

A

collect a urine sample, do a reagent strip on the urine.

palpate the bladder on rectal and do a rectal ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

after you get Snowflake’s urine strip back, it is positive for some blood and some protein. You tell the farmer this could involve nerve injury, or it may not. What differences would you feel for either? (nerve injury vs not)

A

without sacral nerve damage=palpation of the bladder reveals a firm, small, thickened, baseball sized bladder.

with sacral nerve damage= you’ll feel a distended atonic bladder (it’s lost innervation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when you go to do a rectal ultrasound on Snowflake, what do you expect to see?

A

im suspecting cystitis–>increased echogenicity of the bladder wall and some swirling sediments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the best way to collect urine from Snowflake to submit the sample to the lab? what bacteria do you expect are causing her clinical signs?

A

mid stream free flow OR U cath sample

E coli, corynebacterium renale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

of the two bacteria that commonly cause cystitis, which one is normal flora of the urinary mucosa and how does it acheive this?

A

C. renale–> it has pili that promote attachment and colonization of the urinary tract mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

you successfully got a urine sample from Snowflake and submitted it to the lab. How will you treat her in the meantime?

A

start antibiotics while awaiting culture and sensitivity results, and choose a drug that has good inhibitory concentrations in the urine such as: ceftiofur, penicillin, ampicillin, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When you palpate Snowflake, you feel an atonic distended bladder and you suspect sacral nerve damage. What is the prognosis for Snowflake?

A

there is a high risk of relapse and she likely wont get innervation is high. She likely has an asceneding infection that will only get worse with the nerve damage. she has a guarded to poor prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how do you usually treat a calf with urachal remnants or adhesions causing cysitis?

A

surgery

22
Q

what is one simple way to treat cystic calculi?

A

diet changes

23
Q

what causes pyelonephritis in adults? in calves?

A

ascending infection bacterial (E coli and C renale)

calves: septic nephritis and renal abscesses from umbilical artery infection

24
Q

C renale causes a ______ when renal infection develops but not when it’s just a bladder infection

A

humoral antibody response–>cows get systemically sick

25
Q

You go see a cow named Judy and she has dropped in milk production and is anorexic. When you examine her, she has a fever, and you notice when she postures to urinate you can see her straining and you also see some blood and pus in her urine. top differential? How are you going to diagnose her?

A

pyleonephritis (she is systemically sick)

diagnosis can be made from clinical signs, gross appearance of urine, and palpation of an enlarged left kidney. On a reagent stick, there will be significant proteinuria. on rectal palpation it will be painful and may feel enlarged ureter(s)

26
Q

how are you going to treat Judy (with pyelo)? she is your average dairy cow.

A

long term antibiotics based on culture and sensitivity results of the urine–>might need to submit CG FARAD for long term treatment

supportive care such as fluids if needed

for high value cows: nephrectomy if chronic unilateral pyelo with abscessation and hydronephrosis

27
Q

before you start Judy on antibiotics, what are other simple tests you want to do to help determine prognosis?

A

blood chemistry to check azotemia–>severe azotemia has a poor prognosis and euthanasia becomes the best option

USG: check for isosthenuria in the face of dehydration which is also not good for prognosis

28
Q

how do cows get infected with Leptospira?

A

it is shed in urine and infection gets in via mucus membranes like the eyes, GI, repro tract, or skin wounds.

if there is hematogenous spread, the bacteria can seed organs including the kidneys

29
Q

most leptospira species colonize where?

A

the renal tubules

30
Q

cattle are a maintenane host for which species of lepto? are they the only resevoir?

A

leptospira borgpetersenii Hardjo-bovis, cows appear to be the only resevoir

31
Q

the most common pathogenic lepto species encountered in cattle is ____.

A

L. interrogans–>many resevoirs

32
Q

lepto hardjo bovis causes what clinical signs usually?

A

it can produce chronic interstitial nephritis, but apparent renal disease often doesn’t happen. Usually, the cow show more reproductive clinical signs such as “milk drop syndrome” which is where they have watery serous discharge from their udder and the udder appears like a flabby bag

33
Q

for non-host adapted strains of lepto, what are some common clinical signs?

A

renal manifestations are much more common in calves:

acute onset of fever, septicemia, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, inappetence, tachycardia, tachypnea, depression, +/- petechial hemorrhages and jaundice

in adults hemoglobinuria is not common and they dont tend to show renal signs

34
Q

true or false: non host adapted strains of lepto can cause severe hemolytic disease, interstitial nephritis and tubular necrosis in adult cattle

A

false, this happens in CALVES more commonly but can still happen to adults

35
Q

what is the pathogenesis of clinical signs when a calf becomes infected with a non host adapted strain of lepto?

A

direct damage to the vascular endothelium, hypoxia from hemolysis, tubular epithelium in kidney becomes damaged from the hemoglobin, and interstitial nephritis :(

36
Q

you go out to a farm to see a 6 week old calf named BOOPER that is “ADR”. When you arrive, the calf has a fever, has red tinged urine, has petechial hemorrhages, and is a bit jaundiced. it is also tachycardic and tachypnic. The farmer wants to know if this calf is going to die. you say…

A

probably yes it will die
mortality rates for acute disease in calves under 2 months is high

37
Q

the farmer wants to try and save BOOPER (fever, has red tinged urine, has petechial hemorrhages, and is a bit jaundiced. it is also tachycardic and tachypnic). What is your ddx and what diagnostics would you like to get?

A

I suspect leptospirosis (non host adapted strains), so I want to do serology/microscopic agglutination test or ELISA.

for hardjo bovis: PCR of urine sample

38
Q

what treatments will you administer to BOOPER? (fever, has red tinged urine, has petechial hemorrhages, and is a bit jaundiced. it is also tachycardic and tachypnic, thinking leptospirosis)

A

whole blood transfusions and IV fluids (but unfortunately most die before you can do this)

antibiotics like ampicillin or ceftiofur, will need multiple injections

39
Q

BOOPER dies :( before you can start your IV infusion and blood transfusion and the farmer asks you how he can prevent lepto in his cows. You say…

A

you can vaccinate!

there is a 5 way lepto bacterin against L. interrogans serovars

there is a monovalent hardjo bovis vaccine too

40
Q

which species of lepto do beef cows tend to get and why

A

L interrogans because they are on pasture and are exposed to wild animals (reservoirs)

41
Q

what is enzootic hematuria and what causes it?

A

chronic intermittent hematuria caused by ingestion of bracken fern–>hemorrhagic cystitis, and with continued ingestion, bladder neoplasia

42
Q

what predisposes a cow to developing urinary tract neoplasia?

A

infection with bovine papilloma virus + chronic bracken fern ingestion

43
Q

what are some clinical signs of enzootic hematuria?

A

hematuria

bladder wall thickening, bladder wall tumors: both can be felt or seen on ultrasound via rectal palp

chronically: due to blood loss you get pale mms, tachycardia and tachypnea

44
Q

if a cow eats a ton of bracken fern all at once, how will they present and what is the prognisis?

A

acute coagulopathy will occur or sudden septic crisis with severe bone marrow suppression

they will die if they get this but it is rare. chronic ingestion is way more common

45
Q

clostridium novyi type D causes what?

A

bacillary hemoglobinuria aka redwater disease

46
Q

describe what redwater disease is

A

hepatocellular damage occurs (for example liver flukes chew a nice little environment for bacteria), and clostridium novyi type D (normally found in liver and GI) proliferates and make a cute necrotic infarct. The beta toxin from the bacteria cause hemolysis and toxemia

47
Q

what are some clinical signs and necropsy findings for redwater disease?

A

peracute illness with fever, high HR, anorexia, abdominal pain. intravascular hemolysis

pathology: large liver infarcts and black kindeys

48
Q

although red water disease is hard to treat, what could you try? how do you prevent it?

A

IV sodium or potassium penicillin, IV fluids, blood transfusion

prevention: vaccination! need a booster series and 2x yearly vaccine for at risk cattle. Could also control liver flukes.

48
Q

what is embolic nephritis?

A

occurs in septicemia cows and calves

OR cows with severe dehydration resulting from GI obstruction or diarrhea often develop it–>kidney not getting enough oxygen, decreased blood volume

48
Q

if a cow has embolic nephritis, what might you see on reagent strip of the urine?

A

positive for blood and protein

49
Q

which antibiotics are nephrotoxic? what other nephrotoxic drugs should you be careful of using with renal disease?

A

aminoglycosides, tetracyline, and sulfa drugs

NSAIDs! inhibit renal perfusion. do not over use these

50
Q

you are mentoring a new grad and while you were away for a week they decided to give a cow with renal disease oxytetracycline. Why is this wrong and what do you want to do next? how do you fix this?

A

tetracylines are nephrotoxic!

I want to do some diagnostics on the cow to see if there is a toxic effect happening.

Check the USG for isosthenuria
check for granular casts and proteinuria on urinalysis strip
do a chemistry to check for azotemia and hyponatremia

treatment: fluids, NaCl and supplement with K

VETM 540 (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions