Bovine Respiratory Disease BEEF

Question 1

if a cow is showing rapid deep breathing, fast shallow breathing, or expiratory dyspnea, what does this mean?

Answer 1

likely lower respiratory tract disease

Question 2

steps to assessing a cow you think has BRD?

Answer 2

1. signalment and history
2. distant PE
3. close PE of the LRT” palpate the thorax, auscultate lungs, percussion of thorax, ancillary testing

Question 3

2 things that can cause sub Q emphysema?

Answer 3

BRSV, verminous pneumonia

Question 4

when doing a thoracic auscultation, what questions are you trying to answer?

Answer 4

can you hear breath sounds, are they normal intensity, are there any abnormal sounds and what are they? like crackles, wheezes, etc

Question 5

what things might cause:
- increased lung sounds
- decreased lung sounds
- crackles
- wheezes

Answer 5

increased sounds: anything that increases resp depth or rate
decreased sounds: pleural effusion of pneumothorax
crackles: collapsed airways suddenly popping open OR bubbling in larger airways
wheezes: narrowing of larger airways–>bronchopnuemonia

Question 6

types of pneumonia based on how common they are

Answer 6

bronchopneumonia, interstitial, embolic

Question 7

bronchial pneumonia route of entry via bacteria and CS?

Answer 7

route of entry: through the pulmonary tree itself

CS: depression, fever, anroexia, cough, nasal discharge, abnormal rate and depth of breathing

usually good response to treatment (if early(

Question 8

interstitial pneumonia route of entry via bacteria and CS

Answer 8

access either by pulmonary tree or pulmonary circulation

CS: marked resp distress, only MILD TOXEMIA

usually slow to no response to treatment

Question 9

embolic pneumonia route of entry via bacteria and CS

Answer 9

access via pulmonary circulation

CS: depression, fever, anorexia, cough, hemoptysis and/or epistaxsis

no response to treatment

Question 10

on a beef feedlot when does BRD tend to happen?

Answer 10

after weaning and shipments to the feedlots for the calves

can also happen before weaning at cow calf operations causing summer pneumonias

Question 11

what is the “diphtheritic membrane”?

Answer 11

a pathognomonic lesion for IBR caused by bovine herpes virus 1

Question 12

what disease is often confused with pneumonia on a necropsy?

Answer 12

left sided heart failure

Question 13

loss of pulmonary structure is characteristic of what BRD pathogen?

Answer 13

mycoplasma bovis

Question 14

list some ancillary tests for BRD and what they help us find out

Answer 14

lab eval of secretions/exudates–>eitology
serology–>eitology
necropsy–>etiology
hematology–>inflammation

Question 15

list some reasons why ancillary testing for BRD is valuble

Answer 15

• to improve BRD prevention, for example finding out what diseases are affecting your herd so you can decide which vaccines to use
• to improve BRD treatment, for example if it’s mycoplasma you cant use specific antibiotics or if you find a BVDV PI calf you need to prevent BVDV spread, or if you detect BRSV you can do an emergency intranasal vaccine for the rest of the herd

Question 16

which 2 anti inflammatory drugs work for BRS

Answer 16

meloxicam and flunixin

Question 17

when should you consider metaphylactic antibiotic treatment for BRD?

Answer 17

if pull rate is >10% in one day or >25% over 3-5 day window

Question 18

since the best way to treat BRD is to prevent it, list some general ways to prevent it

Answer 18

provide good housing with good ventilation, reduce stress, reduce pathogen exposure, give good nutrition, and generate immunity both thru vaccines and colostrum management

Question 19

clinical signs of aspiration pneumonia? ddx?

Answer 19

fever, depression, PUTRID BREATH, crackles, wheezes, etc

ddx: acute BRD

Question 20

if you see lungs that are green to black, foul smelling, and there’s some fibrinous pleuritis, whatcha thinkin

Answer 20

aspiration pneumonia

Question 21

pathogenesis of fog fever?

Answer 21

acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysemia

happens when cows move to lush pastures, excessive ingestion of L-tryptophan which gets converted to 3-methyllinodole, and when bronchial cells metabolize this it damages the cells

usually occurs as a herd outbreak and signs happen within 2 weeks of pasture change

Question 22

what is upstairs downstairs disease?

Answer 22

bronchopneumonia in cranial lobes and intersitial in caudal lobes, we dont know the cause. looks a lot like AIP

Question 23

what other place besides the liver can a thromboemobolis come from?

Answer 23

osteomyelitis of P3–> causes embolic pneumonia

Question 24

CS of acute interstitial pneumonia? (AIP)? necropsy findings? ddx? prognosis?

Answer 24

sudden death, acute onset of dyspnea, frothing at mouth, open mouth breathing and tachypnea, NO FEVER, exercise intolerance

necropsy: frothy edema in trachea, wet lungs and fail to collapse, distended interlobular septa

ddx: BRSV, verminous pneumonia

poor prognosis, usually do no treatment

Question 25

characteristic lesions of BRSV on histo?

Answer 25

multi-nucleated giant cells (syncitial cells)

Question 26

how to prevent AIP in pastured cattle?

Answer 26

grandually increase how much time cows are turned on to fresh pasture, cut the pasture before letting cows on it, and give monsenin one day prior

Question 27

what is acute or atypical interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle? how are they treated?

Answer 27

sort of like AIP but in older animals, we have no idea why this happens, it occurs sporadically and is more common in hot dry dusty environments

dexamethasone with abs