Bovine Respiratory Disease BEEF Flashcards
if a cow is showing rapid deep breathing, fast shallow breathing, or expiratory dyspnea, what does this mean?
likely lower respiratory tract disease
steps to assessing a cow you think has BRD?
- signalment and history
- distant PE
- close PE of the LRT” palpate the thorax, auscultate lungs, percussion of thorax, ancillary testing
2 things that can cause sub Q emphysema?
BRSV, verminous pneumonia
when doing a thoracic auscultation, what questions are you trying to answer?
can you hear breath sounds, are they normal intensity, are there any abnormal sounds and what are they? like crackles, wheezes, etc
what things might cause:
- increased lung sounds
- decreased lung sounds
- crackles
- wheezes
increased sounds: anything that increases resp depth or rate
decreased sounds: pleural effusion of pneumothorax
crackles: collapsed airways suddenly popping open OR bubbling in larger airways
wheezes: narrowing of larger airways–>bronchopnuemonia
types of pneumonia based on how common they are
bronchopneumonia, interstitial, embolic
bronchial pneumonia route of entry via bacteria and CS?
route of entry: through the pulmonary tree itself
CS: depression, fever, anroexia, cough, nasal discharge, abnormal rate and depth of breathing
usually good response to treatment (if early(
interstitial pneumonia route of entry via bacteria and CS
access either by pulmonary tree or pulmonary circulation
CS: marked resp distress, only MILD TOXEMIA
usually slow to no response to treatment
embolic pneumonia route of entry via bacteria and CS
access via pulmonary circulation
CS: depression, fever, anorexia, cough, hemoptysis and/or epistaxsis
no response to treatment
on a beef feedlot when does BRD tend to happen?
after weaning and shipments to the feedlots for the calves
can also happen before weaning at cow calf operations causing summer pneumonias
what is the “diphtheritic membrane”?
a pathognomonic lesion for IBR caused by bovine herpes virus 1
what disease is often confused with pneumonia on a necropsy?
left sided heart failure
loss of pulmonary structure is characteristic of what BRD pathogen?
mycoplasma bovis
list some ancillary tests for BRD and what they help us find out
lab eval of secretions/exudates–>eitology
serology–>eitology
necropsy–>etiology
hematology–>inflammation
list some reasons why ancillary testing for BRD is valuble
- to improve BRD prevention, for example finding out what diseases are affecting your herd so you can decide which vaccines to use
- to improve BRD treatment, for example if it’s mycoplasma you cant use specific antibiotics or if you find a BVDV PI calf you need to prevent BVDV spread, or if you detect BRSV you can do an emergency intranasal vaccine for the rest of the herd
which 2 anti inflammatory drugs work for BRS
meloxicam and flunixin
when should you consider metaphylactic antibiotic treatment for BRD?
if pull rate is >10% in one day or >25% over 3-5 day window
since the best way to treat BRD is to prevent it, list some general ways to prevent it
provide good housing with good ventilation, reduce stress, reduce pathogen exposure, give good nutrition, and generate immunity both thru vaccines and colostrum management
clinical signs of aspiration pneumonia? ddx?
fever, depression, PUTRID BREATH, crackles, wheezes, etc
ddx: acute BRD
if you see lungs that are green to black, foul smelling, and there’s some fibrinous pleuritis, whatcha thinkin
aspiration pneumonia
pathogenesis of fog fever?
acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysemia
happens when cows move to lush pastures, excessive ingestion of L-tryptophan which gets converted to 3-methyllinodole, and when bronchial cells metabolize this it damages the cells
usually occurs as a herd outbreak and signs happen within 2 weeks of pasture change
what is upstairs downstairs disease?
bronchopneumonia in cranial lobes and intersitial in caudal lobes, we dont know the cause. looks a lot like AIP
what other place besides the liver can a thromboemobolis come from?
osteomyelitis of P3–> causes embolic pneumonia
CS of acute interstitial pneumonia? (AIP)? necropsy findings? ddx? prognosis?
sudden death, acute onset of dyspnea, frothing at mouth, open mouth breathing and tachypnea, NO FEVER, exercise intolerance
necropsy: frothy edema in trachea, wet lungs and fail to collapse, distended interlobular septa
ddx: BRSV, verminous pneumonia
poor prognosis, usually do no treatment
characteristic lesions of BRSV on histo?
multi-nucleated giant cells (syncitial cells)
how to prevent AIP in pastured cattle?
grandually increase how much time cows are turned on to fresh pasture, cut the pasture before letting cows on it, and give monsenin one day prior
what is acute or atypical interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle? how are they treated?
sort of like AIP but in older animals, we have no idea why this happens, it occurs sporadically and is more common in hot dry dusty environments
dexamethasone with abs
