Cardio Diseases Flashcards
CV disease usually happens in individual cattle except…
- toxicities like ionophores and plants
- high mountain disease
- hardware disease
general signs of CVD?
abnormal jugular veins, edema, effusion in body cavities, murmurs, arrythmias, weight loss, intermittent fever, sudden death, exercise intolerance, diarrhea
if you see what 4 clinical signs you can predict CVD?
tachycardia, abnormal heart sounds, jugular distention, and peripheral edema
what are some general ways we can diagnose CVD?
historty, PE, echocardiography, BP, pericardiocentesis, ECG, rads (small calves only), and cardiac troponin 1 test
how useful is the cardiac troponin 1 test?
it can be useful in ruling things out; if its high it can be heart problems OR secondary disease, but if it’s low, you likely dont have CVD. helps you rule out and not rule in
how common is traumatic reticulopericarditis?
not common at all, rare outcome of hardware disease, but when it does happen it creates a constrictive pericarditis and reduced cardiac output
you have a cow that has a sudden drop in milk production and has abducted elbows. when you listen to the heart it sounds like sandpaper/washing machine but NO murmur. dx?
hardware disease–>traumatic reticulopericarditis
if you suspect a cow has hardware disease progressed to pericarditis what testing could you do?
CBC: neutrophilic leukocytosis
US–>pericardial effusion
pericardiocentesis on L side
how do you treat hardware disease in cows progressing to pericarditis?
salvage ASAP is no antibiotics were used but the carcass will likely be condemned
more conservative tx: antibiotics, rumenotomy
usually euthanize
pathogenesis of endocoarditis?
theres an abscess somewhere and then it travels to the R side of the heart–>tricuspid valve
you have a cow with an intermittent fever and a murmur. dx?
endocarditis
prognosis and treatment of endocarditis?
treatment with antibiotics may hols the disease in check but the cow will often regress
prognosis is grave and the valves are usually permanently damaged
explain what high mountain disease is
when cows are at a high elevation and are not well adjusted
clinical signs of high mountain disease
usually slow onset, weak, depressed, unthirfty, and signs of R sided heart failure like brisket edema, jugular pulse, etc.
pathogenesis of high mountain disease
low oxygen leads to chronic alveolar hypoxeia, leading to a bovine artery reaction (vasoconstriction), causing increased vascular resistance which creates pulmonary hypertension, leading to RV hypertrophy and R sided heart failure–>brisket edema, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, ascites
what breed is predisposed to high mountain disease?
angus cows
possible prevention of high mountain disease?
breed it out of the herd using genetic testing
what is one “test” you can do to determine if a cow is at risk of high mountain disease
use pulmonary arterial pressure, if its higher than 49mmhg, they have a high risk of developing HMD
do cows with high mountain disease have a heart murmur?
NOOOOOO gurl
how do you treat high mountain disease?
bring em down in altitude LMAO but if they’re already recumbent GAME OVER
meds like diuretics and dex dont work dont try
white muscle disease is a result of what? what do cardiac lesions look like? best way to diagnose this?
vit E & selenium deficinecy
cardiac signs are not common though
lesions: myocardial damage–>check the skeletal muscles for white streaking
use serum cardiac troponin 1, CK, AST–>all will be increased
UA stick positive for “blood” but its actually myoglobin
what toxin causes myocarditis?
ionophore toxicosis–>monsensin, lasalocid
usually an accidental overdose with feed mixing errors
ruminants are fairly resistant
CS of ionophore toxicosis? how to diagnose?
multiple animals affected, anorexia, weakness, muscle tremors, heart failure
if alive: serum troponin 1 test
PM: dilated heart & pulmonary congestion
what bacteria commonly causes myocarditis? what other body systems does it affect? what do lesions look like?
histophilus somni
respiratory, joints, cardiac, neurologic
lesions: pale lesions in the papillary muscles/myocardial wall. acute lesions are more dark while chronic lesions are more pale
what is the most common arrhythmia in cows and what is it associated with? why does this happen?
atrial fibrilation usually associated with GI dysfunction like DAs
increased vagal tone and electrolyte disturbances from GI disease causes the disturbances
CS of atrial fibrilation? treatment
irregularly irregular rhythmm variations in pulse amplitude, pulse deficits
tx: find and fix the GI problem
most common types of congenital cardiac disease in cows?
VSD most common, can be ASD too
you are examining a calf that has a heart murmur with a palpable thrill and has exercise intolerance and is a RUNT. DX?
VSD
left to R shunting
remember loudness of the murmur does not have anything to do with the size of the murmur
PE or history things unique to the following:
- endocarditis
- pericarditis
- HMD
- ionophore toxicity
endo: murmur
pericarditis: no murmur but sandpaper sounds or decreased heart sounds
HMD: history, angus cows
ionophore tox: new feed software, new employees, mixing errors
