Urinary Diseases Flashcards
Diseases that affect the urinary system are said to be
pre-renal, renal , post-renal
Azotemia is
a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds in the blood (urea, creatinine, various body waste compounds)
What is FLUTD
(feline lower urinary tract disease) any disorder affecting the urinary bladder or urethra of cats
Etiology of feline cystitis
Idiopathic; typically non-infectious
Clinical signs of feline cystitis
dysuria, hematuria, inappropriate urination
Dx of feline cystitis
clinical signs, urinalysis, radiographs and/or ultrasound
Prevention of feline cystitis
decrease stress, provide scratching posts, provide 1 litterbox per cat, permanent diet change
Feline urethral plugs
contain a small amount of mineral and a large amount of matrix (mucoid)
Feline urolithiasis
contain a large amount of mineral and a small amount of matrix (stones)
The inability to pass urine is a _ _ _
life threatening emergency
Clinical signs of urethral obstruction
azotemia, hematuria, dysuria, inappropriate urination, straining to urinate, vocalizing, V+, collapse, death
Urethral obstructions may be caused by
urethral plugs, uroliths
Feline urethral plugs contain
a small amount of mineral and a large amount of matrix (mucoid)
Cats with uroliths typically have an altered
urine PH, either too high or too low and very concentrated urine
Dx of uroliths
palpation of cystoliths (bladder stones), UA w/ sediment exam, rads, US
_ stones may be dissolved w/ diet change
Struvite
Surgical tx of feline uroliths
cystotomy for calcium stones w/ post surgical rads
Tx of feline urinary obstruction
medical: alleviate obstruction w/ urinary catheter, antibiotics, monitor, rehydrate, electrolyte correction
surgical: cystotomy if cystoliths present. Perineal urethrostomy to alleviate obstruction and prevent reoccurrence
What is a perineal urethrostomy
a surgical widening of the urethra
4 steps for tx of feline urethral obstruction
- alleviate obstruction
- IV fluid therapy
3.Monitor kidney values
4.Managment/prevention
Clinical signs of canine urolithiasis
dysuria, hematuria
Tx and dx for canine urolithiasis
same for feline urethral obstruction
etiology of Canine cystitis aka bacterial cystitis
typically ascending infections
Clinical signs of canine cystitis
hematuria, dysuria, polyuria, licking penis/vulva
Tx for canine cystitis based on
C&S
Acute renal failure is
an abrupt decrease in glomerular filtration resulting in azotemia
Etiology of acute renal failure
nephrotoxic drugs, toxins, bacteria (leptospirosis), disorders affecting renal perfusion, systemic disease
Clinical signs of acute renal failure
nonspecific: anorexia, V+, D+, weakness, oliguria, polyuria
Lab data for acute renal failure
dehydration, azotemia, acidosis
Prognosis for acute renal failure is _
guarded even with aggressive tx
Signalment for chronic renal failure
typically older pets
Clinical signs for chronic renal failure
anorexia, weight loss, GI upset, stomatitis, PU/PD, hypertension, sudden blindness in cats
Lab data for chronic renal failure
azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, anemia
Tx for chronic renal failure
supportive care to slow the progression of the disease, diet low in protein and sodium
Signalment for urinary incontinence
dogs, spayed females, intact males
Etiology of urinary incontinence
spinal cord injury, ectopic ureters, endocrine imbalance after OHE, partial urethral obstruction, bladder wall abnormalities
Tx for urinary incontinence
ID underlying cause
Proin and incurin are the typical meds
Etiology of urinary bladder rupture
urethral obstruction, trauma
Clinical signs of Urinary bladder rupture
decrease or lack of urine output, V+, foals will stand w/ the back in ventral flexion
Dx of urinary bladder rupture
abdominocentesis
Etiology og urinary incontinence in horses
neurologic disease like EHV, EPM; trauma, neoplasia
What is pyelonephritis in the horse
bacterial infection of the kidneys
Clinical signs of pyelonephritis in the horse
dysuria, hematuria, same as cystitis
Etiology and signalment of urinary bladder prolapse in the horse or ruminant
postpartum mares; relaxation of pelvic muscles, dilation of sphincter muscles, strain during parturition
Tx of urinary bladder prolapse in horse and ruminant
clean and replace the bladder +/- sx to tack bladder in place , +/- indwelling catheter
Etiology of urinary bladder rupture in small ruminant
improper castration of males with elastrator bands, urinary obstructions
Clinical signs of bladder rupture in small ruminant
colic, depression, anorexia, abdominal distention, no urine production
Tx of bladder rupture in small ruminant
stabilization w/ IVF, sx repair of the bladder
Signalment of ulcerative or enzootic posthitis (puzzle rot)
male ruminants on high protein diets
Etiology of pizzle rot
-higher protein leads to higher urea excreted in urine, causing ulcerations, swelling of the prepuce
-castration before puberty leading to urine pooling around the prepuce
Clinical signs of pizzle rot
dysuria, stranguria, preputial swelling
Tx of pizzle rot
decried necrotic tissue, diet change to <12% protein
Etiology/pathology of urolithiasis in small ruminant
struvites, males castrated too early, high calcium forage like alfalfa and grain
Clinical signs of urolithiasis in small ruminant
dysuria, abdominal distention, anorexia, weakness, depression
Tx of urolithiasis in small ruminant
remove any obstructions, tube cystotomy, flush urethra, diet change
