Urinary Diseases

Question 1

Diseases that affect the urinary system are said to be

Answer 1

pre-renal, renal , post-renal

Question 2

Azotemia is

Answer 2

a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds in the blood (urea, creatinine, various body waste compounds)

Question 3

What is FLUTD

Answer 3

(feline lower urinary tract disease) any disorder affecting the urinary bladder or urethra of cats

Question 4

Etiology of feline cystitis

Answer 4

Idiopathic; typically non-infectious

Question 5

Clinical signs of feline cystitis

Answer 5

dysuria, hematuria, inappropriate urination

Question 6

Dx of feline cystitis

Answer 6

clinical signs, urinalysis, radiographs and/or ultrasound

Question 7

Prevention of feline cystitis

Answer 7

decrease stress, provide scratching posts, provide 1 litterbox per cat, permanent diet change

Question 8

Feline urethral plugs

Answer 8

contain a small amount of mineral and a large amount of matrix (mucoid)

Question 9

Feline urolithiasis

Answer 9

contain a large amount of mineral and a small amount of matrix (stones)

Question 10

The inability to pass urine is a _ _ _

Answer 10

life threatening emergency

Question 11

Clinical signs of urethral obstruction

Answer 11

azotemia, hematuria, dysuria, inappropriate urination, straining to urinate, vocalizing, V+, collapse, death

Question 12

Urethral obstructions may be caused by

Answer 12

urethral plugs, uroliths

Question 13

Feline urethral plugs contain

Answer 13

a small amount of mineral and a large amount of matrix (mucoid)

Question 14

Cats with uroliths typically have an altered

Answer 14

urine PH, either too high or too low and very concentrated urine

Question 15

Dx of uroliths

Answer 15

palpation of cystoliths (bladder stones), UA w/ sediment exam, rads, US

Question 16

_ stones may be dissolved w/ diet change

Answer 16

Struvite

Question 17

Surgical tx of feline uroliths

Answer 17

cystotomy for calcium stones w/ post surgical rads

Question 18

Tx of feline urinary obstruction

Answer 18

medical: alleviate obstruction w/ urinary catheter, antibiotics, monitor, rehydrate, electrolyte correction
surgical: cystotomy if cystoliths present. Perineal urethrostomy to alleviate obstruction and prevent reoccurrence

Question 19

What is a perineal urethrostomy

Answer 19

a surgical widening of the urethra

Question 20

4 steps for tx of feline urethral obstruction

Answer 20

1. alleviate obstruction
2. IV fluid therapy
   3.Monitor kidney values
   4.Managment/prevention

Question 21

Clinical signs of canine urolithiasis

Answer 21

dysuria, hematuria

Question 22

Tx and dx for canine urolithiasis

Answer 22

same for feline urethral obstruction

Question 23

etiology of Canine cystitis aka bacterial cystitis

Answer 23

typically ascending infections

Question 24

Clinical signs of canine cystitis

Answer 24

hematuria, dysuria, polyuria, licking penis/vulva

Question 25

Tx for canine cystitis based on

Answer 25

C&S

Question 26

Acute renal failure is

Answer 26

an abrupt decrease in glomerular filtration resulting in azotemia

Question 27

Etiology of acute renal failure

Answer 27

nephrotoxic drugs, toxins, bacteria (leptospirosis), disorders affecting renal perfusion, systemic disease

Question 28

Clinical signs of acute renal failure

Answer 28

nonspecific: anorexia, V+, D+, weakness, oliguria, polyuria

Question 29

Lab data for acute renal failure

Answer 29

dehydration, azotemia, acidosis

Question 30

Prognosis for acute renal failure is _

Answer 30

guarded even with aggressive tx

Question 31

Signalment for chronic renal failure

Answer 31

typically older pets

Question 32

Clinical signs for chronic renal failure

Answer 32

anorexia, weight loss, GI upset, stomatitis, PU/PD, hypertension, sudden blindness in cats

Question 33

Lab data for chronic renal failure

Answer 33

azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, anemia

Question 34

Tx for chronic renal failure

Answer 34

supportive care to slow the progression of the disease, diet low in protein and sodium

Question 35

Signalment for urinary incontinence

Answer 35

dogs, spayed females, intact males

Question 36

Etiology of urinary incontinence

Answer 36

spinal cord injury, ectopic ureters, endocrine imbalance after OHE, partial urethral obstruction, bladder wall abnormalities

Question 37

Tx for urinary incontinence

Answer 37

ID underlying cause Proin and incurin are the typical meds

Question 38

Etiology of urinary bladder rupture

Answer 38

urethral obstruction, trauma

Question 39

Clinical signs of Urinary bladder rupture

Answer 39

decrease or lack of urine output, V+, foals will stand w/ the back in ventral flexion

Question 40

Dx of urinary bladder rupture

Answer 40

abdominocentesis

Question 41

Etiology og urinary incontinence in horses

Answer 41

neurologic disease like EHV, EPM; trauma, neoplasia

Question 42

What is pyelonephritis in the horse

Answer 42

bacterial infection of the kidneys

Question 43

Clinical signs of pyelonephritis in the horse

Answer 43

dysuria, hematuria, same as cystitis

Question 44

Etiology and signalment of urinary bladder prolapse in the horse or ruminant

Answer 44

postpartum mares; relaxation of pelvic muscles, dilation of sphincter muscles, strain during parturition

Question 45

Tx of urinary bladder prolapse in horse and ruminant

Answer 45

clean and replace the bladder +/- sx to tack bladder in place , +/- indwelling catheter

Question 46

Etiology of urinary bladder rupture in small ruminant

Answer 46

improper castration of males with elastrator bands, urinary obstructions

Question 47

Clinical signs of bladder rupture in small ruminant

Answer 47

colic, depression, anorexia, abdominal distention, no urine production

Question 48

Tx of bladder rupture in small ruminant

Answer 48

stabilization w/ IVF, sx repair of the bladder

Question 49

Signalment of ulcerative or enzootic posthitis (puzzle rot)

Answer 49

male ruminants on high protein diets

Question 50

Etiology of pizzle rot

Answer 50

-higher protein leads to higher urea excreted in urine, causing ulcerations, swelling of the prepuce -castration before puberty leading to urine pooling around the prepuce

Question 51

Clinical signs of pizzle rot

Answer 51

dysuria, stranguria, preputial swelling

Question 52

Tx of pizzle rot

Answer 52

decried necrotic tissue, diet change to <12% protein

Question 53

Etiology/pathology of urolithiasis in small ruminant

Answer 53

struvites, males castrated too early, high calcium forage like alfalfa and grain

Question 54

Clinical signs of urolithiasis in small ruminant

Answer 54

dysuria, abdominal distention, anorexia, weakness, depression

Question 55

Tx of urolithiasis in small ruminant

Answer 55

remove any obstructions, tube cystotomy, flush urethra, diet change