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Final Exam Pathology & Diseases > Cardiovascular Diseases > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Heart failure is when blood returning to the heart cannot

A

be pumped out to match the body’s needs

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2
Q

Congestive heart failure occurs when

A

the failing heart allows fluid and edema to buildup in the body

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3
Q

Etiology of heart failure

A

cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, taurine deficiency in cats, circulatory failure

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4
Q

Pathology of canine heartworm disease

A

right sided heart failure

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5
Q

Clinical signs of heart worm disease

A

coughing, dyspnea, hemoptysis, ascites

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6
Q

Tx for heart worms

A

Immiticide therapy (melarsomine), Slow-kill w/ ivermectin and doxycycline

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7
Q

Dx of heart worm disease

A

antigen test and radiographs to stage the disease

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8
Q

Cats are an _ host to dirofilaria immitis

A

imperfect

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9
Q

Typical heart worm infection in cats only have _ adult worms causing significant clinical disease

A

1-2

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10
Q

Cats are rarely

A

microfilaremic

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11
Q

High incidence of aberrant larval migrations in

A

cats vs dogs

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12
Q

Acquired valvular disorders

A

chronic mitral valve insufficiency, tricuspid valve insufficiency

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13
Q

Most commonly encountered CVS disorder in the dog

A

Chronic mitral valve insufficiency aka Myxomatous mitral valve disease (or degeneration)

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14
Q

Etiology of Chronic mitral valve insufficiency

A

age, periodontal disease may exacerbate condition

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15
Q

Pathology of Chronic mitral valve insufficiency

A

degeneration of the valves and subsequent regurgitation of blood into the left atrium… can eventually progress to heart failure

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16
Q

Clinical signs of Chronic mitral valve insufficiency

A

coughing that may be worse after periods of rest/recumbency, dyspnea, systolic heart murmur heard at left apex

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17
Q

Dx of Chronic mitral valve insufficiency

A

rads reveal enlarged atrium +/- pulmonary edema; echocardiography reveals thickened, leaking valve; labs may reveal elevated kidney/liver enzymes, abnormal cardiac anzymes

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18
Q

A MMVD is heard best at

A

the apex of the heart (just caudal to the olecranon)

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19
Q

Cardiac arrhythmia is NOT a

A

murmur

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20
Q

A cardiac arrhythmia is

A

a deviation from the normal rhythm of the heart. This is due to abnormal impulse information or abnormal impulse conduction

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21
Q

Etiology of cardiac arrhythmias

A

ischemia, hypocalcemia, cardiomyopathy, hypercalcemia, etc.

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22
Q

Clinical signs of cardiac arrhythmias

A

irregular heart rate, weakness, collapse, dyspnea, death

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23
Q

The best way to identify and dx abnormal rhythms of the heart

A

ECG

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24
Q

The first part of the complex of ECG is called _ wave. Which represents the initiation of depolarization in the sinus node and subsequent atrial contraction

A

P wave

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25
Q

2nd part of tracing is called _ _ which represents the conductance and sequential depolarization of the ventricles

A

QRS complex

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26
Q

The _ _ follows the QRS complex which represents the period of time in which the ventricles are isoelectric

A

ST segment

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27
Q

The _ _ represents the repolarization of the ventricles

A

T wave

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28
Q

During depolarization _ rushes into the cell and _ rushes out

A

Na+; K+

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29
Q

Atrial fibrillation (“A-fib”) occurs when

A

there is no organized atrial contraction

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30
Q

Signalment if A-Fib

A

LARGE dogs most commonly, cats w/ underlying cardiac disease

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31
Q

Clinical signs of A-Fib

A

weakness, syncope, dyspnea in cats, rapid irregular heart rate,

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32
Q

Dx of A-Fib

A

auscultation, ECG lacks P wave

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33
Q

Tx for A-fib is aimed at

A

slowing heart rate

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34
Q

Client education for A-Fib

A

tx does not cure the disease, CHF is likely

35
Q

Pathology of Ventricular tachycardia (“V-Tach”)

A

rapid rate decreases ventricular filling time and decreases cardiac output; may lead to VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION AKA CARDIAC ARREST

36
Q

Dx of V-tach

A

ECG, reveals abnormal (wide and bizarre) QRS complexes or lack of discernible QRS (v-fib)

37
Q

What disease is Procainamide, Lidocaine, and cardiac defibrillation used to treat?

38
Q

Sinus arrhythmia is considered a

A

normal abnormality

39
Q

What does sinus arrhythmia mean

A

HR increases upon inspiration and decreases upon expiration

40
Q

Sinus bradycardia

A

HR <70, ECG normal

41
Q

Etiology of sinus bradycardia

A

athletic dogs, hypothyroidism, hyperkalemia, head trauma

42
Q

Etiology of Arrhthmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy

A

genetic, boxers

43
Q

Arrhthmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy ECG reveals

A

ventricular premature contractions, best found w/ holder monitor

44
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

A

the chambers of the heart increase in size and the muscles that form the walls of the heart stretch thinner

45
Q

Etiology of canine DCM

A

idiopathic, genetic, grain-free diet

46
Q

Signalment for DCM

A

large and giant breeds (dobermans and Great Danes)

47
Q

Clinical signs for DCM

A

dyspnea, coughing, exercise intolerance, collapse

48
Q

Px for DCM

A

poor (most dogs die within 6 months to 2 years)

49
Q

Etiology of Feline dilated cardiomyopathy

A

taurine deficiency, genetic predisposition

50
Q

Clinical signs of Feline dilated cardiomyopathy

A

dyspnea, paralysis of the hindlimb w/ no femoral pulses (Thromboembolism)

51
Q

Tx of Feline dilated cardiomyopathy

A

oral taurine supplements; cardiac drugs (enalapril, lasix, pimobdendan)

52
Q

Px for Feline dilated cardiomyopathy

A

cats that survive the first 2 weeks of taurine supplementation do well. Those that don’t respond have poor px

53
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease that causes

A

thickening of the heart muscle resulting in poor relaxing and filling ability

54
Q

Etiology of HCM

55
Q

Pathology of HCM

A

hypertrophy of left ventricular walls

56
Q

Clinical signs of Canine HCM

A

syncope, collapse, sudden death

57
Q

Most common cardiac disease affecting cats

A

Feline HCM

58
Q

Clinical signs of feline HCM

A

murmur (at least grade II/VI); Gallop rhythm, hindlimb paralysis, or none

59
Q

Dx of feline HCM

A

rads reveal “valentine heart”; echo: thick walls/small chambers

60
Q

Median survival of feline HCM

A

2 years w/ tx

61
Q

Etiology of (Aortic or Pulmonary) Thromboembolism

A

a common and serious complication of myocardial disease

62
Q

Clinical signs for Aortic or pulmonary Thromboembolism depend on

A

location of embolus or clot

63
Q

Dx for Aortic or pulmonary Thromboembolism

A

clinical signs, visualization of embolus via US in terminal aorta. hx of cardiac disease

64
Q

Tx for Aortic or pulmonary Thromboembolism

A

pain control, sedation, anti-thrombotic agent (thrombolytics)

65
Q

Px for Aortic or pulmonary Thromboembolism

A

gaurded to poor

66
Q

The ductus arteriosus is an important blood vessel that ensures

A

blood does not go to the lungs unnecessarily as the fetus is developing in the uterus. During the first few hours after birth, this vessel naturally closes off

67
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

the ductus arteriosus remains open (patent) which results in serious life threatening changes in the way that the heart pumps blood through the heart and to the rest of the body

68
Q

Signalment for Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

Females> males; chihuahuas, maltese, poodles, Pomeranians

69
Q

Clinical signs for Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

washing machine murmur

70
Q

Px for Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

excellent w/ surgery prior to 2 years of age but grave without tx will die ,1 yr of dx

71
Q

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is

A

a congenital defect or hole in the intertribal septum that enables blood flow between the left and right atria

72
Q

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is

A

a defect or hole in the muscular wall of the heart (the septum) that separates the right and left ventricles

73
Q

Pulmonic stenosis results from

A

dysplastic or malformed pulmonic valve resulting in a narrowing of the outflow from the ventricle

74
Q

Signalment for pulmonic stenosis

A

English bulldog, basset hound, chihuahua, Newfoundland

75
Q

Subaortic stenosis (SAS) is the result of

A

thickened tissue just below the aortic valve which causes and outflow obstruction

76
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital defect of the heart that involves 4 abnormalities:

A
  1. ventricular septal defect (hole b/w 2 ventricles)
    2.pulmonic stenosis (obstruction of blood flow through pulmonary valve)
    3.an overriding aorta
    4.right ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of heart muscle)
77
Q

Patients affected w/ Tetralogy of Fallot live in a constant state of

A

oxygen deprivation

78
Q

Clinical signs of Tetralogy of fallot

A

failure to thrive and grow, a reduced tolerance for exercise, and general cyanosis

79
Q

What sx is required to correct Tetralogy of Fallot

A

complex open heart sx

80
Q

Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)

A

defect during embryonic development

81
Q

Clinical signs for PRAA

A

megaesophagus and regurgitation of food

82
Q

Dx of PRAA

A

rads w/ contrast show constriction of esophagus near base of heart

83
Q

Basic explanation of PRAA

A

an embryonic branch of the aorta fails to regress and is wrapped around the esophagus when a puppy or kitten is born

Final Exam Pathology & Diseases (5 decks)

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