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Final Exam Pathology & Diseases > Cardiovascular Diseases > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Heart failure is when blood returning to the heart cannot

A

be pumped out to match the body’s needs

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2
Q

Congestive heart failure occurs when

A

the failing heart allows fluid and edema to buildup in the body

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3
Q

Etiology of heart failure

A

cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, taurine deficiency in cats, circulatory failure

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4
Q

Pathology of canine heartworm disease

A

right sided heart failure

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5
Q

Clinical signs of heart worm disease

A

coughing, dyspnea, hemoptysis, ascites

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6
Q

Tx for heart worms

A

Immiticide therapy (melarsomine), Slow-kill w/ ivermectin and doxycycline

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7
Q

Dx of heart worm disease

A

antigen test and radiographs to stage the disease

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8
Q

Cats are an _ host to dirofilaria immitis

A

imperfect

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9
Q

Typical heart worm infection in cats only have _ adult worms causing significant clinical disease

A

1-2

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10
Q

Cats are rarely

A

microfilaremic

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11
Q

High incidence of aberrant larval migrations in

A

cats vs dogs

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12
Q

Acquired valvular disorders

A

chronic mitral valve insufficiency, tricuspid valve insufficiency

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13
Q

Most commonly encountered CVS disorder in the dog

A

Chronic mitral valve insufficiency aka Myxomatous mitral valve disease (or degeneration)

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14
Q

Etiology of Chronic mitral valve insufficiency

A

age, periodontal disease may exacerbate condition

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15
Q

Pathology of Chronic mitral valve insufficiency

A

degeneration of the valves and subsequent regurgitation of blood into the left atrium… can eventually progress to heart failure

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16
Q

Clinical signs of Chronic mitral valve insufficiency

A

coughing that may be worse after periods of rest/recumbency, dyspnea, systolic heart murmur heard at left apex

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17
Q

Dx of Chronic mitral valve insufficiency

A

rads reveal enlarged atrium +/- pulmonary edema; echocardiography reveals thickened, leaking valve; labs may reveal elevated kidney/liver enzymes, abnormal cardiac anzymes

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18
Q

A MMVD is heard best at

A

the apex of the heart (just caudal to the olecranon)

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19
Q

Cardiac arrhythmia is NOT a

A

murmur

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20
Q

A cardiac arrhythmia is

A

a deviation from the normal rhythm of the heart. This is due to abnormal impulse information or abnormal impulse conduction

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21
Q

Etiology of cardiac arrhythmias

A

ischemia, hypocalcemia, cardiomyopathy, hypercalcemia, etc.

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22
Q

Clinical signs of cardiac arrhythmias

A

irregular heart rate, weakness, collapse, dyspnea, death

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23
Q

The best way to identify and dx abnormal rhythms of the heart

A

ECG

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24
Q

The first part of the complex of ECG is called _ wave. Which represents the initiation of depolarization in the sinus node and subsequent atrial contraction

A

P wave

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25
2nd part of tracing is called _ _ which represents the conductance and sequential depolarization of the ventricles
QRS complex
26
The _ _ follows the QRS complex which represents the period of time in which the ventricles are isoelectric
ST segment
27
The _ _ represents the repolarization of the ventricles
T wave
28
During depolarization _ rushes into the cell and _ rushes out
Na+; K+
29
Atrial fibrillation ("A-fib") occurs when
there is no organized atrial contraction
30
Signalment if A-Fib
LARGE dogs most commonly, cats w/ underlying cardiac disease
31
Clinical signs of A-Fib
weakness, syncope, dyspnea in cats, rapid irregular heart rate,
32
Dx of A-Fib
auscultation, ECG lacks P wave
33
Tx for A-fib is aimed at
slowing heart rate
34
Client education for A-Fib
tx does not cure the disease, CHF is likely
35
Pathology of Ventricular tachycardia ("V-Tach")
rapid rate decreases ventricular filling time and decreases cardiac output; may lead to VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION AKA CARDIAC ARREST
36
Dx of V-tach
ECG, reveals abnormal (wide and bizarre) QRS complexes or lack of discernible QRS (v-fib)
37
What disease is Procainamide, Lidocaine, and cardiac defibrillation used to treat?
V-tach
38
Sinus arrhythmia is considered a
normal abnormality
39
What does sinus arrhythmia mean
HR increases upon inspiration and decreases upon expiration
40
Sinus bradycardia
HR <70, ECG normal
41
Etiology of sinus bradycardia
athletic dogs, hypothyroidism, hyperkalemia, head trauma
42
Etiology of Arrhthmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
genetic, boxers
43
Arrhthmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy ECG reveals
ventricular premature contractions, best found w/ holder monitor
44
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
the chambers of the heart increase in size and the muscles that form the walls of the heart stretch thinner
45
Etiology of canine DCM
idiopathic, genetic, grain-free diet
46
Signalment for DCM
large and giant breeds (dobermans and Great Danes)
47
Clinical signs for DCM
dyspnea, coughing, exercise intolerance, collapse
48
Px for DCM
poor (most dogs die within 6 months to 2 years)
49
Etiology of Feline dilated cardiomyopathy
taurine deficiency, genetic predisposition
50
Clinical signs of Feline dilated cardiomyopathy
dyspnea, paralysis of the hindlimb w/ no femoral pulses (Thromboembolism)
51
Tx of Feline dilated cardiomyopathy
oral taurine supplements; cardiac drugs (enalapril, lasix, pimobdendan)
52
Px for Feline dilated cardiomyopathy
cats that survive the first 2 weeks of taurine supplementation do well. Those that don't respond have poor px
53
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease that causes
thickening of the heart muscle resulting in poor relaxing and filling ability
54
Etiology of HCM
genetic
55
Pathology of HCM
hypertrophy of left ventricular walls
56
Clinical signs of Canine HCM
syncope, collapse, sudden death
57
Most common cardiac disease affecting cats
Feline HCM
58
Clinical signs of feline HCM
murmur (at least grade II/VI); Gallop rhythm, hindlimb paralysis, or none
59
Dx of feline HCM
rads reveal "valentine heart"; echo: thick walls/small chambers
60
Median survival of feline HCM
2 years w/ tx
61
Etiology of (Aortic or Pulmonary) Thromboembolism
a common and serious complication of myocardial disease
62
Clinical signs for Aortic or pulmonary Thromboembolism depend on
location of embolus or clot
63
Dx for Aortic or pulmonary Thromboembolism
clinical signs, visualization of embolus via US in terminal aorta. hx of cardiac disease
64
Tx for Aortic or pulmonary Thromboembolism
pain control, sedation, anti-thrombotic agent (thrombolytics)
65
Px for Aortic or pulmonary Thromboembolism
gaurded to poor
66
The ductus arteriosus is an important blood vessel that ensures
blood does not go to the lungs unnecessarily as the fetus is developing in the uterus. During the first few hours after birth, this vessel naturally closes off
67
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
the ductus arteriosus remains open (patent) which results in serious life threatening changes in the way that the heart pumps blood through the heart and to the rest of the body
68
Signalment for Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Females> males; chihuahuas, maltese, poodles, Pomeranians
69
Clinical signs for Patent Ductus Arteriosus
washing machine murmur
70
Px for Patent Ductus Arteriosus
excellent w/ surgery prior to 2 years of age but grave without tx will die ,1 yr of dx
71
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is
a congenital defect or hole in the intertribal septum that enables blood flow between the left and right atria
72
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is
a defect or hole in the muscular wall of the heart (the septum) that separates the right and left ventricles
73
Pulmonic stenosis results from
dysplastic or malformed pulmonic valve resulting in a narrowing of the outflow from the ventricle
74
Signalment for pulmonic stenosis
English bulldog, basset hound, chihuahua, Newfoundland
75
Subaortic stenosis (SAS) is the result of
thickened tissue just below the aortic valve which causes and outflow obstruction
76
Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital defect of the heart that involves 4 abnormalities:
1. ventricular septal defect (hole b/w 2 ventricles) 2.pulmonic stenosis (obstruction of blood flow through pulmonary valve) 3.an overriding aorta 4.right ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of heart muscle)
77
Patients affected w/ Tetralogy of Fallot live in a constant state of
oxygen deprivation
78
Clinical signs of Tetralogy of fallot
failure to thrive and grow, a reduced tolerance for exercise, and general cyanosis
79
What sx is required to correct Tetralogy of Fallot
complex open heart sx
80
Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)
defect during embryonic development
81
Clinical signs for PRAA
megaesophagus and regurgitation of food
82
Dx of PRAA
rads w/ contrast show constriction of esophagus near base of heart
83
Basic explanation of PRAA
an embryonic branch of the aorta fails to regress and is wrapped around the esophagus when a puppy or kitten is born

Final Exam Pathology & Diseases (5 decks)

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