Digestive Diseases Flashcards
What is periodontal disease?
This is a collective term used to describe plaque-induced inflammation of the gums
Periodontitis
Irreversible inflammation that results in damage to the periodontal ligament and bone destruction
Gingival hyperplasia
the result of chronic inflammation of the gingiva
__ is the earliest sign of periodontal disease
Gingivitis
The direct result of an accumulation of bacterial plaque
Gingivitis
If left untreated, gingivitis will progress to periodontitis, and _ _ will occur
tooth loss
Periodontal disease can lead to many other systemic illnesses like
Kidney disease, Liver disease, Heart disease
Prevention of periodontal disease
good oral hygiene, dental chews, special diets, routine cleanings, treat gingivitis early
Tx of periodontal disease
dental cleaning/polishing, antibiotics
Stomatitis in cats
chronic, inflammatory, suspected immune-mediated hypersensitivity to oral plaque
Tx for stomatitis in cats is targeted at
reducing plaque, immune system suppression, reducing allergenic stimulation, full mouth extractions
What is mucocele
an excess accumulation of saliva in the SQ tissue surrounding a salivary gland
Etiology of Salivary Mucocele
idiopathic
Clinical signs of salivary mucocele
large painless swelling over salivary gland, dysphagia, dyspnea, blood-tinged saliva
Tx for salivary mucocele
aspiration of fluid, surgical drainage/removal of gland w/ placement of Penrose drain
Malignant melanoma appear as
dome shaped black/brown lesions
Squamous cell carcinoma appear as
ulcerative, erosive lesions
Malignant oral neoplasia
Malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma
Benign oral neoplasia
Papillomas and Epulides
Papillomas appear as
pale-colored, cauliflower-like growths (may have viral cause)
Epulides occur in the
gingiva near incisors (usually slow growing but some may be locally invasive and cause bone destruction
Clinical signs for oral neoplasia
halitosis, hypersalivation, tooth loss, oral pain
Dx for oral neoplasia
biopsy for definitive dx; must r/o metastasis
Tx for oral neoplasia
wide surgical excision w/ at least 2cm for tumor-free margins, +/- chemotherapy and/or radiation
Prognosis for malignant oral neoplasm
poor even w/ aggressive tx
prognosis for benign oral neoplasm
good w/ surgical resection and/or RT/Chemo
What is esophagitis
inflammation of the esophagus
Etiology of esophagitis
physical trauma to esophageal mucosa by irritants, gastroesophageal reflux (GER), dry-pilling cats
Clinical signs for esophagitis
anorexia, dysphagia, excessive salivation, regurgitation
Dx for esophagitis
endoscopy
Clinical signs of esophageal obstruction
retching, exaggerated swallowing, anorexia, dyspnea
Dx for esophageal obstruction
radiology, contrast media, endoscopy
Tx for esophageal obstruction
prompt removal to prevent permanent damage (stricture) to the esophagus
Etiology of acute gastritis/gastroenteritis
acute dietary changes, infections, food allergy, toxins, foreign substances
Clinical signs for acute gastritis/gastroenteritis
anorexia, V+, dehydration, pain in cranial abdomen
Dx for acute gastritis/ gastroenteritis
hx of diet change or foreign body ingestion; rads; CBC may reveal leukocytosis
Immune-Mediated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
accumulation of inflammatory cells within the lining of the stomach, small intestine or large intestine
Etiology of IBD
idiopathic
Dx of IBD
food trial, blood test, definitive dx w/ intestinal and/or gastric biopsy only
Clinical signs of IBD
chronic V+/D+, weight loss
Tx for IBD
dietary modifications, antibiotics, immunosuppressant therapy
Etiology of gastric ulceration
NSAIDS, renal failure
Clinical signs for gastric ulceration
V+(w/ blood= hematemesis), anorexia, anemia, melena, abdominal pain
Dx for gastric ulceration
endoscopy
Prevention of gastric ulceration
give NSADIS w/ meal or antacids, NEVER administer ibuprofen or naproxen
“The mother of all emergencies”
gastric dilation and volvulus
Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) is commonly associated w/
large meals (+/- immediate activity) which cause the stomach to dilate with food and gas
Volvulus
a condition where the stomach can become dilated enough to rotate in the abdomen
Volvulus can lead to blockage in the
blood supply to the spleen and the stomach, most pets are in shock due to the effects on their entire body
Signs of shock
weakness and collapse, dullness, pale mouth lips and eyelids, sudden cooling of skin legs and mouth, rapid but weak pulse, rapid breathing, dilated pupils
GDV clinical signs
distended abdomen, retching w/out production, drooling, anxious looking at abdomen, stand or stretching. As disease progresses, pet may pant or be weak and collapse and be recumbent
Secondary complications associated w/ GDV
hypoxia, cardiac arrhythmias, sloughing, toxins, sepsis
Dx of GDV
PE, large & giant breed dogs, right lateral radiograph, CBC/CHEM/UA; lactate levels, ECG, ventricular arrhythmias
GDV tx
stabilization, decompression, surgical intervention
Surgical tx for GDV
ful exploration of abdomen and de-rotation of stomach, gastropexy
Prevention for GDV
prophylactic gastropexy, feeding multiple small meals
Gastrointestinal neoplasia clinical signs
V+/D+, anorexia, weight loss
Tx for gastrointestinal neoplasia
surgical removal of single masses, chemotherapy
Most common GI neoplasia in dogs
adenocarcinomas
most common feline GI neoplasia
lymphoma
Allergic reactions are most commonly associated with
protein sources
Tx for dietary intolerance
strict feeding trial for atleast 6 weeks
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) is
an acute disorder of dogs characterized by vomiting and bright red bloody diarrhea
Labwork for HGE reveals
Elevated HGB,HCT,RBC
What is intussusception
a condition which one segment of the intestine telescopes or invaginates into the lumen of an adjacent segment of intestine
Intussusceptions are most commonly associated w/ some protein that causes
inflammation of the intestine (enteritis)
What is megacolon
distention and lack of motility of the colon; may be congenital or acquired condition
Clinical signs for megacolon
abdominal discomfort, decreased appetite, lethargy, tenesmus
Tx for megacolon
IVF, enemas, lactulose, dietary change, de-obstipation
What is perianal fistula
an infection of the perianal region and there are usually one or more draining tracts present
Signalment for perianal fistula
GSDs, intact dogs over 7yrs
The liver is responsible for
metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, synthesis of proteins and vitamins, the storage of vitamins and iron, the production of substances necessary for blood clotting, and removal or breakdown of toxins
Feline cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis syndrome (CCHS)
most common acquired inflammatory liver disease in domestic cats
Clinical signs of cholangiohepatitis
anorexia, V+,D+, lethargy, PU/PD, fever, abdominal pain
What is cholangiohepatitis
a condition marked by inflammation of both the liver and biliary system
What is feline hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver)
characterized by an excessive accumulation of lipids in the liver which interfere with its normal function
Etiology of feline hepatic lipidosis
systemic: pancreatitis, IBD, etc
social: moving to a new household newly introduced or loss of pets or family members, boarding accidental confinement
Clinical signs of feline hepatic lipidosis
anorexia, weight loss, jaundice
Most cats w/ hepatic lipidosis refuse to eat, yet the only way to reverse the process of fat accumulation within the liver is through
aggressive feeding
Portosystemic shunt (PSS/liver shunt)
occurs when an abnormal connection persists of forms between the portal vein or one of its branches and another vein, allowing blood to bypass or shunt around the liver
Clinical signs of liver shunt
stunted growth, poor muscle development, abnormal behaviors (may only occur after heating high protein meals), long time recovering from anesthesia
Dx of liver shunt
CBC/CHEM: mild enmia, low BUN and albumin, elevated ALT/ALKP,
Bile acids test, imaging
Tx for liver shunt
special diets and medications which attempt to reduce the amount of toxins that are produced and absorbed in the large intestines
What does the endocrine part of the pancreas do
secretes hormones involved in blood sugar regulation, such as insulin and glucagon
The exocrine pancreas produces _ we use to _ _ _
enzymes; digest our food
Digestive enzymes include
amylase to digest starches, lipase to digest fats, and trypsin and proteases to digest protein
What is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)
a syndrome caused by insufficient synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes by the exocrine portion of the pancreas
Most common cause of EPI
pancreatic acing atrophy
Pancreatitis
if enzymes become activated within the gland, the pancreas begins digesting its own glandular tissue, creating inflammation
Etiology of pancreatitis
obesity, elevated levels of lipids in the blood, ingestion of very fatty meal, other disease, steroids
Dx of pancreatitis
CBC/CHEM leukocytosis, elevated amylase/lipase) snap cPL or fPL, abdominal rads or u/s
Gingivitis
reversible inflammation of the gingiva that affects all structures involved in tooth attachment
