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Final Exam Pathology & Diseases > Digestive Diseases > Flashcards

Digestive Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is periodontal disease?

A

This is a collective term used to describe plaque-induced inflammation of the gums

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2
Q

Periodontitis

A

Irreversible inflammation that results in damage to the periodontal ligament and bone destruction

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3
Q

Gingival hyperplasia

A

the result of chronic inflammation of the gingiva

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4
Q

__ is the earliest sign of periodontal disease

A

Gingivitis

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5
Q

The direct result of an accumulation of bacterial plaque

A

Gingivitis

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6
Q

If left untreated, gingivitis will progress to periodontitis, and _ _ will occur

A

tooth loss

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7
Q

Periodontal disease can lead to many other systemic illnesses like

A

Kidney disease, Liver disease, Heart disease

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8
Q

Prevention of periodontal disease

A

good oral hygiene, dental chews, special diets, routine cleanings, treat gingivitis early

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9
Q

Tx of periodontal disease

A

dental cleaning/polishing, antibiotics

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10
Q

Stomatitis in cats

A

chronic, inflammatory, suspected immune-mediated hypersensitivity to oral plaque

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11
Q

Tx for stomatitis in cats is targeted at

A

reducing plaque, immune system suppression, reducing allergenic stimulation, full mouth extractions

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12
Q

What is mucocele

A

an excess accumulation of saliva in the SQ tissue surrounding a salivary gland

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13
Q

Etiology of Salivary Mucocele

A

idiopathic

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14
Q

Clinical signs of salivary mucocele

A

large painless swelling over salivary gland, dysphagia, dyspnea, blood-tinged saliva

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15
Q

Tx for salivary mucocele

A

aspiration of fluid, surgical drainage/removal of gland w/ placement of Penrose drain

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16
Q

Malignant melanoma appear as

A

dome shaped black/brown lesions

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17
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma appear as

A

ulcerative, erosive lesions

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18
Q

Malignant oral neoplasia

A

Malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma

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19
Q

Benign oral neoplasia

A

Papillomas and Epulides

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20
Q

Papillomas appear as

A

pale-colored, cauliflower-like growths (may have viral cause)

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21
Q

Epulides occur in the

A

gingiva near incisors (usually slow growing but some may be locally invasive and cause bone destruction

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22
Q

Clinical signs for oral neoplasia

A

halitosis, hypersalivation, tooth loss, oral pain

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23
Q

Dx for oral neoplasia

A

biopsy for definitive dx; must r/o metastasis

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24
Q

Tx for oral neoplasia

A

wide surgical excision w/ at least 2cm for tumor-free margins, +/- chemotherapy and/or radiation

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25
Prognosis for malignant oral neoplasm
poor even w/ aggressive tx
26
prognosis for benign oral neoplasm
good w/ surgical resection and/or RT/Chemo
27
What is esophagitis
inflammation of the esophagus
28
Etiology of esophagitis
physical trauma to esophageal mucosa by irritants, gastroesophageal reflux (GER), dry-pilling cats
29
Clinical signs for esophagitis
anorexia, dysphagia, excessive salivation, regurgitation
30
Dx for esophagitis
endoscopy
31
Clinical signs of esophageal obstruction
retching, exaggerated swallowing, anorexia, dyspnea
32
Dx for esophageal obstruction
radiology, contrast media, endoscopy
33
Tx for esophageal obstruction
prompt removal to prevent permanent damage (stricture) to the esophagus
34
Etiology of acute gastritis/gastroenteritis
acute dietary changes, infections, food allergy, toxins, foreign substances
35
Clinical signs for acute gastritis/gastroenteritis
anorexia, V+, dehydration, pain in cranial abdomen
36
Dx for acute gastritis/ gastroenteritis
hx of diet change or foreign body ingestion; rads; CBC may reveal leukocytosis
37
Immune-Mediated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
accumulation of inflammatory cells within the lining of the stomach, small intestine or large intestine
38
Etiology of IBD
idiopathic
39
Dx of IBD
food trial, blood test, definitive dx w/ intestinal and/or gastric biopsy only
40
Clinical signs of IBD
chronic V+/D+, weight loss
41
Tx for IBD
dietary modifications, antibiotics, immunosuppressant therapy
42
Etiology of gastric ulceration
NSAIDS, renal failure
43
Clinical signs for gastric ulceration
V+(w/ blood= hematemesis), anorexia, anemia, melena, abdominal pain
44
Dx for gastric ulceration
endoscopy
45
Prevention of gastric ulceration
give NSADIS w/ meal or antacids, NEVER administer ibuprofen or naproxen
46
"The mother of all emergencies"
gastric dilation and volvulus
47
Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) is commonly associated w/
large meals (+/- immediate activity) which cause the stomach to dilate with food and gas
48
Volvulus
a condition where the stomach can become dilated enough to rotate in the abdomen
49
Volvulus can lead to blockage in the
blood supply to the spleen and the stomach, most pets are in shock due to the effects on their entire body
50
Signs of shock
weakness and collapse, dullness, pale mouth lips and eyelids, sudden cooling of skin legs and mouth, rapid but weak pulse, rapid breathing, dilated pupils
51
GDV clinical signs
distended abdomen, retching w/out production, drooling, anxious looking at abdomen, stand or stretching. As disease progresses, pet may pant or be weak and collapse and be recumbent
52
Secondary complications associated w/ GDV
hypoxia, cardiac arrhythmias, sloughing, toxins, sepsis
53
Dx of GDV
PE, large & giant breed dogs, right lateral radiograph, CBC/CHEM/UA; lactate levels, ECG, ventricular arrhythmias
54
GDV tx
stabilization, decompression, surgical intervention
55
Surgical tx for GDV
ful exploration of abdomen and de-rotation of stomach, gastropexy
56
Prevention for GDV
prophylactic gastropexy, feeding multiple small meals
57
Gastrointestinal neoplasia clinical signs
V+/D+, anorexia, weight loss
58
Tx for gastrointestinal neoplasia
surgical removal of single masses, chemotherapy
59
Most common GI neoplasia in dogs
adenocarcinomas
60
most common feline GI neoplasia
lymphoma
61
Allergic reactions are most commonly associated with
protein sources
62
Tx for dietary intolerance
strict feeding trial for atleast 6 weeks
63
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) is
an acute disorder of dogs characterized by vomiting and bright red bloody diarrhea
64
Labwork for HGE reveals
Elevated HGB,HCT,RBC
65
What is intussusception
a condition which one segment of the intestine telescopes or invaginates into the lumen of an adjacent segment of intestine
66
Intussusceptions are most commonly associated w/ some protein that causes
inflammation of the intestine (enteritis)
67
What is megacolon
distention and lack of motility of the colon; may be congenital or acquired condition
68
Clinical signs for megacolon
abdominal discomfort, decreased appetite, lethargy, tenesmus
69
Tx for megacolon
IVF, enemas, lactulose, dietary change, de-obstipation
70
What is perianal fistula
an infection of the perianal region and there are usually one or more draining tracts present
71
Signalment for perianal fistula
GSDs, intact dogs over 7yrs
72
The liver is responsible for
metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, synthesis of proteins and vitamins, the storage of vitamins and iron, the production of substances necessary for blood clotting, and removal or breakdown of toxins
73
Feline cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis syndrome (CCHS)
most common acquired inflammatory liver disease in domestic cats
74
Clinical signs of cholangiohepatitis
anorexia, V+,D+, lethargy, PU/PD, fever, abdominal pain
75
What is cholangiohepatitis
a condition marked by inflammation of both the liver and biliary system
76
What is feline hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver)
characterized by an excessive accumulation of lipids in the liver which interfere with its normal function
77
Etiology of feline hepatic lipidosis
systemic: pancreatitis, IBD, etc social: moving to a new household newly introduced or loss of pets or family members, boarding accidental confinement
78
Clinical signs of feline hepatic lipidosis
anorexia, weight loss, jaundice
79
Most cats w/ hepatic lipidosis refuse to eat, yet the only way to reverse the process of fat accumulation within the liver is through
aggressive feeding
80
Portosystemic shunt (PSS/liver shunt)
occurs when an abnormal connection persists of forms between the portal vein or one of its branches and another vein, allowing blood to bypass or shunt around the liver
81
Clinical signs of liver shunt
stunted growth, poor muscle development, abnormal behaviors (may only occur after heating high protein meals), long time recovering from anesthesia
82
Dx of liver shunt
CBC/CHEM: mild enmia, low BUN and albumin, elevated ALT/ALKP, Bile acids test, imaging
83
Tx for liver shunt
special diets and medications which attempt to reduce the amount of toxins that are produced and absorbed in the large intestines
84
What does the endocrine part of the pancreas do
secretes hormones involved in blood sugar regulation, such as insulin and glucagon
85
The exocrine pancreas produces _ we use to _ _ _
enzymes; digest our food
86
Digestive enzymes include
amylase to digest starches, lipase to digest fats, and trypsin and proteases to digest protein
87
What is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)
a syndrome caused by insufficient synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes by the exocrine portion of the pancreas
88
Most common cause of EPI
pancreatic acing atrophy
89
Pancreatitis
if enzymes become activated within the gland, the pancreas begins digesting its own glandular tissue, creating inflammation
90
Etiology of pancreatitis
obesity, elevated levels of lipids in the blood, ingestion of very fatty meal, other disease, steroids
91
Dx of pancreatitis
CBC/CHEM leukocytosis, elevated amylase/lipase) snap cPL or fPL, abdominal rads or u/s
92
Gingivitis
reversible inflammation of the gingiva that affects all structures involved in tooth attachment

Final Exam Pathology & Diseases (5 decks)

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