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Final Exam Pathology & Diseases > Digestive Diseases > Flashcards

Digestive Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is periodontal disease?

A

This is a collective term used to describe plaque-induced inflammation of the gums

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2
Q

Periodontitis

A

Irreversible inflammation that results in damage to the periodontal ligament and bone destruction

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3
Q

Gingival hyperplasia

A

the result of chronic inflammation of the gingiva

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4
Q

__ is the earliest sign of periodontal disease

A

Gingivitis

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5
Q

The direct result of an accumulation of bacterial plaque

A

Gingivitis

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6
Q

If left untreated, gingivitis will progress to periodontitis, and _ _ will occur

A

tooth loss

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7
Q

Periodontal disease can lead to many other systemic illnesses like

A

Kidney disease, Liver disease, Heart disease

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8
Q

Prevention of periodontal disease

A

good oral hygiene, dental chews, special diets, routine cleanings, treat gingivitis early

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9
Q

Tx of periodontal disease

A

dental cleaning/polishing, antibiotics

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10
Q

Stomatitis in cats

A

chronic, inflammatory, suspected immune-mediated hypersensitivity to oral plaque

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11
Q

Tx for stomatitis in cats is targeted at

A

reducing plaque, immune system suppression, reducing allergenic stimulation, full mouth extractions

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12
Q

What is mucocele

A

an excess accumulation of saliva in the SQ tissue surrounding a salivary gland

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13
Q

Etiology of Salivary Mucocele

A

idiopathic

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14
Q

Clinical signs of salivary mucocele

A

large painless swelling over salivary gland, dysphagia, dyspnea, blood-tinged saliva

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15
Q

Tx for salivary mucocele

A

aspiration of fluid, surgical drainage/removal of gland w/ placement of Penrose drain

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16
Q

Malignant melanoma appear as

A

dome shaped black/brown lesions

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17
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma appear as

A

ulcerative, erosive lesions

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18
Q

Malignant oral neoplasia

A

Malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma

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19
Q

Benign oral neoplasia

A

Papillomas and Epulides

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20
Q

Papillomas appear as

A

pale-colored, cauliflower-like growths (may have viral cause)

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21
Q

Epulides occur in the

A

gingiva near incisors (usually slow growing but some may be locally invasive and cause bone destruction

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22
Q

Clinical signs for oral neoplasia

A

halitosis, hypersalivation, tooth loss, oral pain

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23
Q

Dx for oral neoplasia

A

biopsy for definitive dx; must r/o metastasis

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24
Q

Tx for oral neoplasia

A

wide surgical excision w/ at least 2cm for tumor-free margins, +/- chemotherapy and/or radiation

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25
Q

Prognosis for malignant oral neoplasm

A

poor even w/ aggressive tx

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26
Q

prognosis for benign oral neoplasm

A

good w/ surgical resection and/or RT/Chemo

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27
Q

What is esophagitis

A

inflammation of the esophagus

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28
Q

Etiology of esophagitis

A

physical trauma to esophageal mucosa by irritants, gastroesophageal reflux (GER), dry-pilling cats

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29
Q

Clinical signs for esophagitis

A

anorexia, dysphagia, excessive salivation, regurgitation

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30
Q

Dx for esophagitis

A

endoscopy

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31
Q

Clinical signs of esophageal obstruction

A

retching, exaggerated swallowing, anorexia, dyspnea

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32
Q

Dx for esophageal obstruction

A

radiology, contrast media, endoscopy

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33
Q

Tx for esophageal obstruction

A

prompt removal to prevent permanent damage (stricture) to the esophagus

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34
Q

Etiology of acute gastritis/gastroenteritis

A

acute dietary changes, infections, food allergy, toxins, foreign substances

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35
Q

Clinical signs for acute gastritis/gastroenteritis

A

anorexia, V+, dehydration, pain in cranial abdomen

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36
Q

Dx for acute gastritis/ gastroenteritis

A

hx of diet change or foreign body ingestion; rads; CBC may reveal leukocytosis

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37
Q

Immune-Mediated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

accumulation of inflammatory cells within the lining of the stomach, small intestine or large intestine

38
Q

Etiology of IBD

A

idiopathic

39
Q

Dx of IBD

A

food trial, blood test, definitive dx w/ intestinal and/or gastric biopsy only

40
Q

Clinical signs of IBD

A

chronic V+/D+, weight loss

41
Q

Tx for IBD

A

dietary modifications, antibiotics, immunosuppressant therapy

42
Q

Etiology of gastric ulceration

A

NSAIDS, renal failure

43
Q

Clinical signs for gastric ulceration

A

V+(w/ blood= hematemesis), anorexia, anemia, melena, abdominal pain

44
Q

Dx for gastric ulceration

A

endoscopy

45
Q

Prevention of gastric ulceration

A

give NSADIS w/ meal or antacids, NEVER administer ibuprofen or naproxen

46
Q

“The mother of all emergencies”

A

gastric dilation and volvulus

47
Q

Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) is commonly associated w/

A

large meals (+/- immediate activity) which cause the stomach to dilate with food and gas

48
Q

Volvulus

A

a condition where the stomach can become dilated enough to rotate in the abdomen

49
Q

Volvulus can lead to blockage in the

A

blood supply to the spleen and the stomach, most pets are in shock due to the effects on their entire body

50
Q

Signs of shock

A

weakness and collapse, dullness, pale mouth lips and eyelids, sudden cooling of skin legs and mouth, rapid but weak pulse, rapid breathing, dilated pupils

51
Q

GDV clinical signs

A

distended abdomen, retching w/out production, drooling, anxious looking at abdomen, stand or stretching. As disease progresses, pet may pant or be weak and collapse and be recumbent

52
Q

Secondary complications associated w/ GDV

A

hypoxia, cardiac arrhythmias, sloughing, toxins, sepsis

53
Q

Dx of GDV

A

PE, large & giant breed dogs, right lateral radiograph, CBC/CHEM/UA; lactate levels, ECG, ventricular arrhythmias

54
Q

GDV tx

A

stabilization, decompression, surgical intervention

55
Q

Surgical tx for GDV

A

ful exploration of abdomen and de-rotation of stomach, gastropexy

56
Q

Prevention for GDV

A

prophylactic gastropexy, feeding multiple small meals

57
Q

Gastrointestinal neoplasia clinical signs

A

V+/D+, anorexia, weight loss

58
Q

Tx for gastrointestinal neoplasia

A

surgical removal of single masses, chemotherapy

59
Q

Most common GI neoplasia in dogs

A

adenocarcinomas

60
Q

most common feline GI neoplasia

A

lymphoma

61
Q

Allergic reactions are most commonly associated with

A

protein sources

62
Q

Tx for dietary intolerance

A

strict feeding trial for atleast 6 weeks

63
Q

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) is

A

an acute disorder of dogs characterized by vomiting and bright red bloody diarrhea

64
Q

Labwork for HGE reveals

A

Elevated HGB,HCT,RBC

65
Q

What is intussusception

A

a condition which one segment of the intestine telescopes or invaginates into the lumen of an adjacent segment of intestine

66
Q

Intussusceptions are most commonly associated w/ some protein that causes

A

inflammation of the intestine (enteritis)

67
Q

What is megacolon

A

distention and lack of motility of the colon; may be congenital or acquired condition

68
Q

Clinical signs for megacolon

A

abdominal discomfort, decreased appetite, lethargy, tenesmus

69
Q

Tx for megacolon

A

IVF, enemas, lactulose, dietary change, de-obstipation

70
Q

What is perianal fistula

A

an infection of the perianal region and there are usually one or more draining tracts present

71
Q

Signalment for perianal fistula

A

GSDs, intact dogs over 7yrs

72
Q

The liver is responsible for

A

metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, synthesis of proteins and vitamins, the storage of vitamins and iron, the production of substances necessary for blood clotting, and removal or breakdown of toxins

73
Q

Feline cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis syndrome (CCHS)

A

most common acquired inflammatory liver disease in domestic cats

74
Q

Clinical signs of cholangiohepatitis

A

anorexia, V+,D+, lethargy, PU/PD, fever, abdominal pain

75
Q

What is cholangiohepatitis

A

a condition marked by inflammation of both the liver and biliary system

76
Q

What is feline hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver)

A

characterized by an excessive accumulation of lipids in the liver which interfere with its normal function

77
Q

Etiology of feline hepatic lipidosis

A

systemic: pancreatitis, IBD, etc
social: moving to a new household newly introduced or loss of pets or family members, boarding accidental confinement

78
Q

Clinical signs of feline hepatic lipidosis

A

anorexia, weight loss, jaundice

79
Q

Most cats w/ hepatic lipidosis refuse to eat, yet the only way to reverse the process of fat accumulation within the liver is through

A

aggressive feeding

80
Q

Portosystemic shunt (PSS/liver shunt)

A

occurs when an abnormal connection persists of forms between the portal vein or one of its branches and another vein, allowing blood to bypass or shunt around the liver

81
Q

Clinical signs of liver shunt

A

stunted growth, poor muscle development, abnormal behaviors (may only occur after heating high protein meals), long time recovering from anesthesia

82
Q

Dx of liver shunt

A

CBC/CHEM: mild enmia, low BUN and albumin, elevated ALT/ALKP,
Bile acids test, imaging

83
Q

Tx for liver shunt

A

special diets and medications which attempt to reduce the amount of toxins that are produced and absorbed in the large intestines

84
Q

What does the endocrine part of the pancreas do

A

secretes hormones involved in blood sugar regulation, such as insulin and glucagon

85
Q

The exocrine pancreas produces _ we use to _ _ _

A

enzymes; digest our food

86
Q

Digestive enzymes include

A

amylase to digest starches, lipase to digest fats, and trypsin and proteases to digest protein

87
Q

What is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)

A

a syndrome caused by insufficient synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes by the exocrine portion of the pancreas

88
Q

Most common cause of EPI

A

pancreatic acing atrophy

89
Q

Pancreatitis

A

if enzymes become activated within the gland, the pancreas begins digesting its own glandular tissue, creating inflammation

90
Q

Etiology of pancreatitis

A

obesity, elevated levels of lipids in the blood, ingestion of very fatty meal, other disease, steroids

91
Q

Dx of pancreatitis

A

CBC/CHEM leukocytosis, elevated amylase/lipase) snap cPL or fPL, abdominal rads or u/s

92
Q

Gingivitis

A

reversible inflammation of the gingiva that affects all structures involved in tooth attachment

Final Exam Pathology & Diseases (5 decks)

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