Diseases of the reproductive system Flashcards
female reproductive system is composed of
ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina
The _ are the site of production of unfertilized eggs and many of the hormones responsible for heat cycles and the maintenance of pregnancy
ovaries
The eggs pass from the ovaries into the _.These small finger like tubes are the site of fertilization by the sperm
oviducts
From the oviducts the eggs pass into the _ which is composed of the left and right horn and uterine body
uterus
The developing embryos mature within the _, attached to its walls by the _ which also surrounds them
uterus; placenta
Male reproductive anatomy
testicles, ductus, vas deferens, prostate gland, penis
Sperm production and storage occurs within the
testicles
upon ejaculation the sperm is transported to the _ _ by the vas deferens.
prostate gland
What is vaginitis
inflammation of the vagina
juvenile vaginitis
puppy vaginitis; vaginal inflammation and associated clinical signs in bitches that have not undergone puberty
adult-onset vaginitis
adult vaginitis; more common in spayed bitches than intact ones
Adult onset vaginitis clinical signs
presenting complain usually mucoid to purulent vulvar discharge, vulvar licking, pollakiuria, urinary incontinence
Diagnosis of vaginitis
cytologic exam of vaginal epithelial cells and vaginal discharge, vaginal and urine bacterial cultures and antimicrobial sensitivity testing, urinalysis, a Digital vaginal exam, vaginoscopy
Tx of juvenile vaginitis
usually resolves after the first estrous cycle, depends on bacterial C&S
Tx adult vaginitis
depends on bacterial C&S and suspected cause of vaginits; anatomical abnormalities, urinary incontinence, systemic disease, idiopathic vaginitis
What is pseudopregnancy
false pregnancy aka phantom pregnancy or pseudocyesis
Etiology of pseudopregnancy
decreasing levels of progesterone and increasing levels of prolactin following the estrus cycle (typically 6-12 weeks after the cycle)
Clinical signs of pseudopregnancy
weight gain, enlarged mammary glands, lactation, mucoid vaginal discharge, behavioral changes, some will show signs of false labor and then protectively guard toys or other small objects
Tx for pseudopregnancy
none needed since symptoms will subside in 14-21 days
What is pyometra
“pus in the uterus”; a serious and life threatening condition that must be treated quickly and aggressively
Pyometra is a secondary infection caused by
hormonal changes in the females reproductive tract
Etiology of pyometra
streptococcus, klebsiella, pasteurella, proteus, mortadella, staphylococcus
Signalment for pyometra
intact females, middle aged to older, within 60 days of last estrous cycle
Clinical signs of pyometra
fever, abdominal enlargement/pain, V+, lethargy, PU/PD, dehydration, azotemia, +/- purulent vaginal discharge
Dx of pyometra
hx, CBC: leukocytosis CHEM:elevated globulins, elevated BUN/CREA, elevated ALKP, rads or ultrasound show enlarged uterus
preferred Tx for pyometra
OHE (ovariohysterectomy)
Success rate for treating close and open cervix pyometras
Open: 75%-90%
Closed: 25%-40%
What is dystocia
abnormal or difficult labor
Etiology of dystocia
material factors and fetal factors
Predisposed breeds for dystocia
brachycephalic dogs and siamese and Persian cats
How long does pregnancy last in the dog and cat
average gestation period about 63 days
A normal delivery should occurring within to minutes of strong stage two labor contractions
10-60
Clinical signs of vaginal/vulvar tumors and penile/preputial tumors
depends on location, may see a mass protruding from the vulva/penile sheath, perineal swelling, vaginal/penile discharge, dysuria, constipation
What is canine transmissible venereal tumors (CTVT)
a common tumor only found in dogs. Transmitted by direct physical contact. Occurs in both sexes and may appear as multiple SQ nodules on the external genitalia, lips, and other parts of the body
Etiology of CTVT
is a transplant of cancer cells, cells always have an abnormal number of chromosomes (59 instead of normal 78)
Dx of CTVT
appearance (cauliflower-like, pedunculate, and nodular) biopsy for definitive dx
Tx of CTVT
surgical removal w/ chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy is the best
Etiology of mammary tumors
more common in female dogs that are either not spayed or were spayed after 2 yrs of age
Clinical signs of mammary tumors
a palpable mass underneath the skin of the abdomen is the most common finding; other signs and symptoms include discharge from a mammary gland, ulceration of the skin over a gland, painful, swollen breasts, loss of appetite, weight loss, generalized weakness
Dx for mammary tumors
FNA, Bx
Tx for mammary tumors
surgical removal of affected tissue (mastectomy) STAGE ANIMAL FIRST
What is the prostate
it is situated just caudal to the bladder and produces fluid as transport and medium for sperm during ejaculation
Etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia
altered androgen/estrogen ratio; requires presence of testes
Clinical signs of benign prostatic hyperplasia
asymptomatic, tenesmus, bilateral symmetrical enlargement upon rectal palpation
Tx for benign prostatic hyperplasia
castration reduces the size of the gland within 1-2 weeks
Etiology of prostatitis
bacterial (E. coli, proteus, klebsiella, pseudomonas, streptococcus, staphylococcus, brucella species
Clinical signs of prostatitis
Acute: fever, anorexia, caudal abdominal pain, stiff gait in the HLs
Chronic: Hx of chronic UTIs, may be asymptomatic
Tx for prostatitis
antibiotics based on C&S for at least 28 days; castration; prostatectomy
What is prostatic abscessation
a serious form of bacterial prostatitis in which pockets of purulent exudate from within the gland
Dx of prostatic abscessation
surgical drainage, castration, AB based on C&S, supportive care
All neoplasms that affect the prostate are
malignant
Cryptorchidism
failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum
Sertoli cell tumor signs and symptoms include
bilateral non-pruritic alopecia and hyperpigmentation of the inguinal region, one testicle that is large than the other with wasting or shriveling of the other testicle, feminization syndrome, abdominal mass if testicle has not descended
Orchitis and epididymitis
acute inflammation of the testes or epididymis
etiology of orchitis and epididymitis
can be caused by trauma, infection, testicular torsion
Mares have a _ day estrous cycle
21
Gestation period of a mare
11-12 months
Etiology of abortions in equine
bacterial: E.coli, salmonella, Klebsiella, Actinobacillus spp.
viral: EHV-1
Etiology of contagious equine metritis
bacterial- Tayorella equigenitalis
Transmission of contagious equine metritis
contaminated semen from the stallion during breeding
clinical signs for contagious equine metritis
vaginal discharge 14 days after breeding; infertility
Dystocia in the mare
second stage of labor last >20 minutes (if the amniotic fluid rushes out and there is no foal 20 minutes later)
Etiology of dystocia in equine
maiden mare, mare/foal size mismatch, malpresentation of the foal, twins
Position with normal foaling:
the front feet appear first, with the soles of the feet down, or slightly sideways, nose follows the feet
“red bag” premature placental separation in equine
when the placenta detaches from the uterus in this manner, the foal is no longer receiving oxygen and can die quickly
Tx for “red bag”
immediately cut it with scissors and try to gently pull the foal
Mares should pass the placenta within - hours of foaling
3-6
Etiology of retained placenta
common after dystocia as it can rip
clinical signs of retained placenta
placental membranes extruding from vulva >3 hours after foaling, vaginal discharge, fever, +/- laminitis 48 hours after foaling, colic symptoms
Tx of retained placenta
oxytocin, banamine, systemic antibiotics, uterine lavage, gentle traction, tie placenta in a knot to prevent ascending infection and tripping of the mare
Etiology of rupture of the uterine artery in equine
pressure from the foal, straining during parturition, dystocia
clinical signs of rupture of the uterine artery in equine
dead in stall, weakness, pale MM, colic signs
Etiology of uterine prolapse
typically occurs after dystocia
Dx of uterine prolapse
confirm the organ that is protruding via PE
Etiology of rectal tears in equine
recent foaling, dystocia, rectal palpation, ALWAYS WARN OWNER PRIOR TO PALPATION
Clinical signs of rectal tears in equine
blood on sleeve after palpation, colic, septicemia
Tx of rectal tears in equine
immediate referral to specialist, antibiotics, Banamine, surgical correction
etiology of Fescue toxicity in equine
fungal endophyte-infested fescue pastures
Clinical signs of fescue toxicity
prolonged gestation, dysmature foals, thickened placenta, agalacaia, immunocompromised foals
Dx of fescue toxicity
forage can be taken to county extension office for submission to dx lab
Tx for fescue toxicity
remove mares from pasture 60-90 days before foaling, have colostrum on hand, Domperidone
Tx for cryptorchidism of equine
surgical removal of BOTH testicles
in the stallion, testicles should descend by
6 months or up to 2 years
Etiology of penile paralysis in equine
sedation w/ ace-romaine, damage to 3rd and 4th sacral nerves, rabies, EHV-1
Tx of penile paralysis in equine
hydrotherapy, furosemide, penile amputation
Clinical signs of penile paralysis in equine
penis drops and does not retract, portion of penis distal to sheath becomes edematous and swollen
Why is it necessary for newborn foals to obtain antibodies through the mother’s milk shortly after birth
unlike humans, there is no natural transfer of antibodies through the mothers placenta
Foals that do not receive these antibodies are at high risk and are dx as having a condition called
failure of passive transfer (FPT)
Dx of FPT
checking serum IgG in the foal within 24 hours after birth and during the first few weeks after birth
What is neonatal isoerythrolysis
an incompatibility between the foals and mares blood type
There are _ blood types in the horse
16
Clinical signs of neonatal isoerythrolysis
foals appear normal at birth and within the first 6-72 hours they may develop: weak/lethargic, decreased suckle, increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate and effort, white or yellow MM
Tx of neonatal isoerythrolysis
corticosteroids, NSAIDs, antibiotics, IV fluids, oxygen, whole blood transfusions
What is severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)
a fatal condition of both B(humoral) and T(cellular) cell dysfunction
Tx for SCID
none, fatal
clinical signs of SCID
susceptibility to viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoal organisms. Foals are normal at birth but soon develop fatal infections, particularly when circulating colostrum-derived antibody concentrations become low
What is dummy foal syndrome
not a disease but a broad term that applies to foals that exhibit abnormal often vague behaviors and or neurologic signs during their first few days of life
Etiology of dummy foal syndrome
some type of unrecognized hypoxia either in utero or during birth
Tx for dummy foal syndrome
oxygen therapy, intensive care, DMSO, Vitamin C and Thiamine supplementation
