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Exam 3 > Urinary Calculi > Flashcards

Urinary Calculi Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary calculi typically occurs in patients of what age range?

A

30s to 50s

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2
Q

Urinary calculi typically are more frequent in which gender?

A

Men

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3
Q

If you have on urinary calculi when are you likely to experience another one?

A

in the next 5 years

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4
Q

Kidney stones can range from what sizes?

A

A grain of sand to as big as an orange.

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5
Q

What is an urinary calculi also called?

A

Kidney stone

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6
Q

What does lithiasis mean?

A

Stone formation

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7
Q

What does nephrolithiasis mean?

A

Stones form in kidney

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8
Q

What does Urolithiasis mean?

A

Stones form elsewhere in urinary tract

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9
Q

Where do kidney stones lodge?

A

Anywhere in the urinary tract

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10
Q

What types of symptoms can a patient have if they have a kidney stone?

A

They can be asymptomatic for very painful.

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11
Q

What are kidney stones normally made of?

A

Calcium

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12
Q

What are the stimuli for forming kidney stones?

A

-Urinary stasis -immobility -Infection

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13
Q

What type of diets can contribute to a patient forming kidney stones?

A

-A diet high in calcium -Meals high in insoluble salt. -Lack of fluid intake

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14
Q

Other than a stimulus for formation of kidney stones and a patients diet what other factors can contribute to kidney stones?

A

-Certain medications -Lack of inhibitory substances in urine -Supersaturation

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15
Q

Calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphate kidney stones make up what percentage of cases?

A

75%

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16
Q

Uric acid kidney stones make up what percentage of cases?

A

5-10%

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17
Q

What makes up a struvite stone?

A

Ammonia rich, alkaline urine.

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18
Q

Where do most kidney stones form?

A

In the renal pelvis

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19
Q

How can kidney stones lead to kidney failure?

A

They block the ureters

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20
Q

Most kidney stones are what?

A

Idiopathic

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21
Q

True or False: Prior personal or family history of kidney stones elevates your risk of kidney stones.

A

True

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22
Q

What are the two ways that calcium can make kidney stones?

A

By having excess dietary intake of calcium or by the bones losing calcium.

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23
Q

True or False: Dehydration, infection, immobility, and obesity elevates the risk for a patient to create kidney stones.

A

True

24
Q

What are the three things a patient can have excess of in their diet that can create kidney stones?

A

Calcium, oxalate and proteins.

25
Q

If a patient lives in this type of climate they are less likely to create kidney stones.

A

Hot dry climate

26
Q

If a patient is from this heritage they are less likely to create kidney stones.

A

Mediterranean

27
Q

Why would pregnant women require special consideration in terms of kidney stones?

A

Because they already have a decrease of kidney function due to pregnancy.

28
Q

What two races are more likely to create kidney stones?

A

Asians and Whites

29
Q

Kidney stones are more likely to develop in children with what types to defects?

A

Defects in the urinary tract or with metabolic disorders.

30
Q

The most important way to prevent kidney stones is

A

Adequate fluid intake

31
Q

Calcium kidney stones can be prevented by doing what?

A

-Reducing sodium and animal protein intake -Limiting food high in calcium oxalate -Increasing food that acidify the urine

32
Q

Uric acid stones can be prevented by doing what?

A

-limiting animal intake -low purine diet

33
Q

What can patients with a history of kidney stones take to help prevent future stone formation?

A

Medications

34
Q

Calculi affecting the kidney calyces and pelvis tend to have what kind of symptoms?

A

Very few

35
Q

If a patient has bladder calculi they tend to have what kind of symptoms?

A

Dull suprapubic pain with exercise and voiding

36
Q

If a urinary flow is gradually or partially obstructed what types of symptoms do patients have?

A

Dull, aching flank pain

37
Q

True or False: Hematuria is not a symptom of kidney stones.

A

False: It is a symptom.

38
Q

What is the number one thing that contributes to the formation of kidney stones?

A

Animal protein

39
Q

What is always the major hallmark symptom of kidney stones?

A

Pain

40
Q

A gradual obstruction means what?

A

That the stone is not very big but will continue to grow

41
Q

An acute obstruction due to a kidney stone can lead to what?

A

Kidney failure

42
Q

If a kidney stone obstructs the ureter this tends to lead to what?

A

-Ureteral spasm -Severe pain with accompanying sympathetic response.

43
Q

What may accompany a urinary calculi?

A

UTI

44
Q

How is hydronephrosis described?

A

The kidney continues to work but suddenly the urine is blocked.

45
Q

What types of symptoms develop due to hydronephrosis?

A

-Colicky pain on affected side -Hematuria -UTI -GI symptoms

46
Q

Urinary stasis associated with partial or complete obstruction increases the risk of what?

A

UTI

47
Q

What happens during a cystoscopy?

A

A tube with a camera attached goes up into the ureter to see what is going on.

48
Q

A CT scan with or without contrast can diagnose a kidney stone. What must you know before you do this diagnostic test?

A

If they are on metformin.

49
Q

After the patient passes the kidney stone what do the doctors do with it?

A

They do a chemical analysis to see what it is made of.

50
Q

How do you manage relieving acute symptoms of kidney stones?

A

-Hydration -Pain control -I&O

51
Q

How can a patient prevent further stone formation?

A

Change of diet, exercise, and hydration.

52
Q

After destroying or removing stones it is important for a patient and/or doctor to?

A

collect them for testing.

53
Q

What is this method of treating kidney stones?

A

Cystoscopy

54
Q

What is this method of treating kidney stones?

A

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

55
Q

After an extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy treatment what should the patient urine look like?

A

It should be clear and odorless

56
Q

What is this method of treating kidney stones?

A

Percutaneous lithotripsy

57
Q

What are the seven patient education topics that should be taught to a patient with kdiney stones?

A
  • Signs and symptoms to report
  • Follow up care
  • Urine pH monitoring
  • Measures to prevent recurrent stones
  • Importance of fluid intake
  • Dietary education
  • Medication education as needed.

Exam 3 (8 decks)

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